Table 3.
Results—Log Earnings-per-Hour Regressions
| (1) Metropolitan Areas (No Fixed Effects) | (2) Metropolitan Areas (No Fixed Effects) | (3) Metropolitan Areas (With Fixed Effects)* | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Individual level | |||
| Female | −0.127*** (0.019) | −0.124*** (0.019) | −0.126*** (0.019) |
| Black | 0.061 (0.088) | 0.200 (0.112) | 0.159 (0.111) |
| Hispanic | 0.210** (0.100) | 0.104 (0.115) | 0.101 (0.119) |
| Asian | 0.070 (0.065) | 0.121 (0.082) | 0.092 (0.084) |
| Experience | 0.024*** (0.008) | 0.024*** (0.008) | 0.024*** (0.008) |
| (Experience)2 | −0.052*** (0.015) | −0.052*** (0.015) | 0.005*** (0.015) |
| Family practice | −0.044 (0.023) | −0.045** (0.023) | −0.048** (0.023) |
| Pediatrics | 0.030 (0.028) | 0.029 (0.02) | 0.025 (0.027) |
| Medical specialty | 0.158*** (0.028) | 0.160*** (0.028) | 0.158*** (0.028) |
| Surgical specialty | 0.316*** (0.033) | 0.315*** (0.03) | 0.312*** (0.032) |
| Board certified | 0.063 (0.096) | 0.066 (0.096) | 0.060 (0.096) |
| D.O. | 0.035 (0.028) | 0.034 (0.028) | 0.024 (0.030) |
| Non-U.S., non-Canadian | −0.016 (0.022) | −0.008 (0.023) | −0.013 (0.023) |
| Individual-level interactions | |||
| Experience × black | −0.016 (0.012) | −0.017 (0.011) | −0.018 (0.011) |
| (Experience)2× black | 0.023 (0.030) | 0.025 (0.030) | 0.028 (0.031) |
| Experience × Hispanic | −0.016 (0.012) | −0.014 (0.013) | −0.014 (0.014) |
| (Experience)2× Hispanic | 0.035 (0.028) | 0.029 (0.031) | 0.030 (0.033) |
| Experience × Asian | −0.018 (0.010) | −0.018** (0.009) | −0.017 (0.009) |
| (Experience)2× Asian | 0.040 (0.028) | 0.044 (0.027) | 0.040 (0.028) |
| Experience × board certified | 0.012 (0.010) | 0.011 (0.010) | 0.011 (0.010) |
| (Experience)2× board certified | −0.028 (0.020) | −0.028 (0.020) | −0.028 (0.020) |
| Site level | |||
| Public insurance | −0.005 (0.003) | −0.005 (0.003) | −0.008** (0.004) |
| Private insurance | −0.003 (0.003) | −0.003 (0.003) | 0.003 (0.003) |
| Medicare | −0.001 (0.004) | −0.001 (0.004) | 0.003 (0.005) |
| Median income | −0.001 (0.001) | −0.001 (0.001) | 0.049 (0.043) |
| B—population | 0.002 (0.001) | 0.002 (0.001) | −0.029** (0.014) |
| H—population | −0.001 (0.001) | −0.001 (0.001) | −0.018 (0.015) |
| A—population | −0.006 (0.003) | −0.008*** (0.003) | 0.050 (0.057) |
| B—workforce | −0.001 (0.003) | −0.001 (0.004) | 0.005 (0.005) |
| H—workforce | −0.005 (0.001) | −0.004*** (0.002) | −0.007** (0.003) |
| A—workforce | 0.001 (0.001) | 0.002 (0.002) | −0.001 (0.002) |
| Individual-site interactions | |||
| B—population × black | — | −0.009 (0.005) | −0.007 (0.005) |
| H—population × Hispanic | — | 0.009*** (0.003) | 0.009*** (0.003) |
| A—population × Asian | — | 0.011** (0.005) | 0.011** (0.005) |
| B—workforce × black | — | 0.004 (0.012) | 0.003 (0.012) |
| H—workforce × Hispanic | — | −0.010** (0.004) | −0.008** (0.004) |
| A—workforce × Asian | — | −0.007** (0.003) | −0.007** (0.003) |
| Constant | 4.012*** (0.253) | 4.029*** (0.251) | 1.753 (1.845) |
| χ2 (Wald test) | 522,761.45*** | 533,305.36*** | 1,464,056.64*** |
| Adjusted R2 | 0.138 | 0.139 | 0.156 |
| Sample size | 12,886 | 12,886 | 12,886 |
Computed using SUDAAN 8.02 incorporating all aspects of the complex survey design.
*
Parameters of site-level fixed effects not shown.
Standard errors in parentheses are rounded to the third decimal place,t-statistics calculated from these values will be incorrect.
**
5% statistical significance, two-tailed test.
***
1% statistical significance, two-tailed test.
D.O., Doctor of Osteopathy.