Table 3.
Mean Daily Dietary Intake Among Minnesota Adolescents by Cigarette Smoking Status, 1998–1999
| Dietary Intake | Smoking Statusa | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Nonsmokers Mean (SE) nb = 3358 | Current Smokersc Mean (SE) nb = 276 | Daily Smokers Mean (SE) nb = 411 | P Valuec | |
| Total energy (kcal) | 2104 (42) | 2306 (74) | 2368 (65) | <.001 |
| Fruits and vegetables (servings) | 4.1 (0.07) | 3.8 (0.15) | 3.5 (0.13) | <.001 |
| Grains (servings) | 6.0 (0.05) | 5.7 (0.12) | 5.8 (0.10) | .006 |
| Soft drinks (servings) | 1.29 (0.03) | 1.49 (0.06) | 1.76 (0.05) | <.001 |
| Total fat (% kcal) | 29.9 (0.12) | 30.4 (0.33) | 29.7 (0.28) | .29 |
| Fiber (g) | 17.0 (0.16) | 16.3 (0.33) | 15.4 (0.29) | <.001 |
| Calcium (mg) | 1118 (12) | 1077 (25) | 1060 (21) | .004 |
| Iron (mg) | 13.9 (0.09) | 12.8 (0.23) | 12.5 (0.20) | <.001 |
| Zinc (mg) | 10.9 (0.05) | 10.3 (0.15) | 10.3 (0.13) | <.001 |
| Vitamin A (IU) | 8774 (143) | 8164 (318) | 7074 (274) | <.001 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 151 (1.7) | 138 (4.6) | 142 (3.9) | .001 |
| Folate (mcg) | 295 (2.2) | 272 (5.6) | 268 (4.8) | <.001 |
| Caffeine (mg) | 41 (0.7) | 60 (2.4) | 68 (2.0) | <.001 |
Nonsmokers indicate those who reported never smoking or smoking only a few times; current smokers, those who reported smoking at least monthly but less often than once per day; daily smokers, those who reported smoking daily during the past year. SE indicates standard error.
Means adjusted for sex, grade level (middle versus high school), race and ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. Models for foods and nutrients additionally adjusted for total energy intake. School was included in models as a random effect.
Numbers are reduced from the total sample because of 1) missing covariates needed for adjustment and 2) missing or implausible responses to the food frequency questionnaire. Of the total sample, 344 participants did not complete the food frequency questionnaire and 258 participants were excluded because they provided biologically implausible responses (defined a priori as having energy intakes below 400 kcal/day or over 7,000 kcal/day).
Represents testing for differences in adjusted means over the three categories of smoking status (2 df).