Table 1 Pharmacological management of end stage heart failure¹,²,³,⁴,⁵.

• Goal 1: Improvement of morbidity and mortality

ACE inhibitors

ARBs (if ACE inhibitor intolerant or plus ACE inhibitors if still symptomatic)

Selected β‐blockers

Aldosterone antagonists

• Goal 2: Control of symptoms

Diuretics (eventually thiazide plus loop diuretic)

Digitalis (low‐dose)

Consider temporary inotropics

Selected antiarrhythmics

• Goal 3: Palliation

Opioids, antidepressants, anxiolytics

Oxygen

Consider continuous inotropics

ACE, angiotensin‐converting enzyme; ARBs, angiotensin II type I receptor blockers.