Table 2.
Univariate analyses on risk factors for cervicitis (C trachomatis and/or N gonorrhoeae) among 703 antenatal care attendees in Gaborone, Botswana
| No. | Women with cervicitis | Odds ratio | Confidence interval | p-value | ||
| No. | (%) | (95%) | ||||
| Sociodemographic factors | ||||||
| Age groups | ||||||
| < 20 | 76 | 17 | (22) | 9.1 | 3.4–24.1 | 0.000 |
| 20–29 | 432 | 44 | (10) | 3.6 | 1.5–8.5 | 0.004 |
| 30+ | 195 | 6 | (3) | 1 | ||
| Education | ||||||
| Primary school or less | 168 | 17 | (10) | 1 | ||
| Junior secondary school | 310 | 36 | (12) | 1.2 | 0.6–2.2 | 0.620 |
| Senior secondary or higher | 225 | 14 | (6) | 0.6 | 0.3–1.2 | 0.160 |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married | 114 | 2 | (2) | 1 | ||
| Unmarried | 589 | 65 | (11) | 6.9 | 1.7–28.7 | 0.008 |
| Partners last 12 months | ||||||
| One partner | 671 | 64 | (10) | 1 | ||
| Two or more | 32 | 3 | (9) | 1.0 | 0.3–3.3 | 0.976 |
| Time in relationship | ||||||
| One year or less | 118 | 19 | (16) | 2.5 | 1.4–4.6 | 0.003 |
| 1 to 2 years | 137 | 16 | (12) | 1.7 | 0.9–3.2 | 0.094 |
| >2 years | 448 | 32 | (7) | 1 | ||
| Subjective symptoms | ||||||
| Vaginal discharge | ||||||
| No | 584 | 55 | (9) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 119 | 12 | (10) | 1.1 | 0.6–2.1 | 0.822 |
| Lower abdominal pain | ||||||
| No | 650 | 63 | (10) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 53 | 4 | (8) | 0.8 | 0.3–2.2 | 0.610 |
| Thinks she has an infection | ||||||
| No | 638 | 58 | (9) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 65 | 9 | (14) | 1.6 | 0.8–3.4 | 0.217 |
| Clinical signs | ||||||
| Vaginal discharge | ||||||
| Negative | 476 | 37 | (8) | 1 | ||
| Positive | 227 | 30 | (11) | 1.8 | 1.1–3.0 | 0.023 |
| Candida-like discharge | ||||||
| Negative | 622 | 61 | (10) | 1 | ||
| Positive | 81 | 5 | (6) | 0.6 | 0.2–1.5 | 0.279 |
| Moderate or profuse discharge | ||||||
| Negative | 447 | 34 | (8) | 1 | ||
| Positive | 256 | 33 | (13) | 1.8 | 1.1–3.0 | 0.023 |
| Yellow discharge | ||||||
| Negative | 438 | 38 | (9) | 1 | ||
| Positive | 265 | 29 | (11) | 1.3 | 0.8–2.2 | 0.322 |
| Thin/runny discharge | ||||||
| Negative | 615 | 48 | (8) | 1 | ||
| Positive | 88 | 19 | (22) | 3.3 | 1.8–5.9 | 0.000 |
| Foamy discharge | ||||||
| Negative | 590 | 1 | ||||
| Positive | 113 | 19 | (17) | 2.3 | 1.3–4.1 | 0.005 |
| Smelly discharge | ||||||
| Negative | 659 | 58 | (9) | 1 | ||
| Positive | 44 | 9 | (21) | 2.7 | 1.2–5.8 | 0.014 |
| Cervical bleeding/erythroplaquia | ||||||
| Negative | 520 | 45 | (9) | 1 | ||
| Positive | 183 | 22 | (12) | 1.4 | 0.8–2.5 | 0.184 |
| Laboratory analyses | ||||||
| Urine stix (nitritis/leucocytes) | ||||||
| Negative | 609 | 59 | (10) | 1 | ||
| Positive | 94 | 8 | (9) | 0.9 | 0.4–1.9 | 0.718 |
| WBC in cervical smear | ||||||
| None/few | 124 | 5 | (4) | 1 | ||
| 1+ | 267 | 22 | (8) | 2.1 | 0.8–5.8 | 0.135 |
| 2+ | 171 | 18 | (11) | 2.8 | 1.0–7.8 | 0.048 |
| 3–4+ | 140 | 22 | (16) | 4.4 | 1.6–12.1 | 0.004 |
| Candida (microscopy or culture) | ||||||
| Negative | 287 | 26 | (9) | 1 | ||
| Positive | 416 | 41 | (10) | 1.1 | 0.7–1.8 | 0.724 |
| Trichomoniasis | ||||||
| Negative | 571 | 41 | (7) | 1 | ||
| Positive | 132 | 26 | (20) | 3.2 | 1.9–5.4 | 0.000 |
| Bacterial vaginosis (BV) | ||||||
| Negative | 435 | 40 | (9) | 1 | ||
| Positive | 268 | 27 | (10) | 1.1 | 0.7–1.9 | 0.700 |