Table 1.

Modified coding scheme based on Kellert (27)

Orientation	Definition
Holistic	A belief that everything in nature is interconnected; that there is harmony and balance in nature.
Spiritual	A tendency to access or find spiritual meanings, lessons, importance in nature. Referring to Mother Earth, Creator
Traditional	Referring to an activity in nature as something that has occurred throughout history and should continue for that reason.
Survival skills	A belief that nature is something that can harm us if underestimated.
Moralistic	Strong feelings of moral and ethical responsibility.
Ecologistic	Precise Study and systematic inquiry of the natural world and belief that nature can be understood from empirical study from a systems perspective. There is a tendency to relate species to other aspects of nature.
Abstract respect	Respect for nature
Abstract liking	Expressing a positive but abstract attitude towards nature (e.g., “I enjoy nature” vs. the more concrete, “I enjoy walks in the woods”)
Abstract knowledge	Expressing learning goals abstractly (e.g., “I want to learn about nature” vs. the more concrete, “I want to understand how beavers build dams”)
Personal utility	The physical benefits derived from nature as a fundamental basis for human sustenance, protection, and security. The benefits are intended for the self or those in the immediate family or social network
Distant utility	The physical benefits derived from nature as a fundamental basis for human sustenance, protection, and security. The benefits are intended for those distant from the immediate family or social network