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Inhibition of Rho GTPases by toxin B caused keratinocyte dissociation in the deep epidermis. Staining of semithin sections of human skin with toluidine blue (a) revealed profound cell dissociation in deep epidermal layers in response to inhibition of Rho A, Rac 1, and Cdc42 by toxin B (c). Compared with untreated skin (b), immunostaining for Dsg 1 appeared fragmented and reduced in the affected areas (arrows in d). Bar: 100 μm (a and c); 20 μm (b and d).
