TABLE 2.

Reference	Range of point stiffness (N/m)	Probe type	Stiffness per unit length (103 N/m2)	Stiffness per unit area (106 N/m3)	Shear modulus (kPa)	Location along the cochlea	Animal
This work	0.008–0.3	Metal probe; diameter, 25 μm	0.32–12	16.3–61	0.1–1.2	Base to apex	Gerbil
von Békésy (32)	0.1–10	hair				Base to apex	Human
Zwislocki and Cefaratti (20)	0.116–0.125	Glass fiber, 1 μm	0.625			Midcochlea	Gerbil
Abnet and Freeman (35)	0.18	Magnetic bead, radius ∼10 μm					Mouse
Hemmert et al. (9,11)	0.1∼0.6	AFM cantilever <1 μm	∼10–60	∼320–1900		Apex	Mouse
Freeman et al. (30,31)	0.06–0.34	AFM cantilever <1 μm/magnetic bead				Apex	Mouse
Shoelson et al. (25)		AFM cantilever <1 μm			1.2–8.6	Three segments along the cochlea	Guinea pig
Gueta et al. (38)	0.019–0.014	AFM cantilever (tip radius, 20 nm)				Base to apex	Mouse
Masaki et al. (37)	0.0009					Base to apex	Mouse