Table 4.
Genes up-regulated in cells grown as mammospheres
| Category
|
Name and abbreviation
|
Accession number
|
Function
|
Fold increase
|
Fold increase mean ± SDEV
|
Expressed in other stem cells
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Membrane proteins | Epithelial membrane protein 3 (EMP3) | NM_001425 | Negative control of cell proliferation | 6 | 6.1 ± 1 | |
| Glypican 4 (GPC4) | NM_001448 | Embryogenesis and morphogenesis | 7 | 7.1 ± 3.5 | c | |
| Frizzled homolog 2 (FZD2) | NM_001466 | Establishment of tissue polarity | 6 | 6.0 ± 2 | ||
| Growth hormone receptor (GHR) | NM_000163 | Skeletal development, growth pattern | 6 | 5.7 ± 5 | a, b, c | |
| Insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (IGF2R) | NM_000876 | Embryogenesis and morphogenesis | 3 | 3 ± 0.3 | ||
| Notch 3 (NOTCH3) | NM_000435 | Growth patterning | 3 | 2.7 ± 0.5 | b, c | |
| Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) | M60485 | Embryogenesis and morphogenesis | 5 | 4.7 ± 2 | a, b | |
| Platelet-derived growth factor receptor, β polypeptide (PDGF-βR) | NM_002609 | Skeletal development | 15 | 15 ± 10.7 | a, b, c | |
| ATP-binding cassette, subfamily A (ABC1), member 1 | NM_005502 | ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter | 4 | 4.3 ± 3 | a, b | |
| Transcription factors | AE binding protein 1 (AEBPI) | NM_001129 | Muscle, skeletal development | 27 | 26.8 ± 22 | |
| Growth arrest specific 6 (GAS6) | NM_005890 | Cell cycle arrest | 4 | 4 ± 0.5 | ||
| p53 target zinc finger protein (WIG1) | NM_022470 | 3 | 2.9 ± 1 | a, b, c | ||
| Signaling | Small inducible-cytokine A2 (SCYA2) | S69738 | Negative control of cell proliferation | 61 | 60.6 ± 34 | |
| Glycoprotein nmb (GPNMB) | NM_002510 | Negative control of cell proliferation | 26 | 25.8 ± 8.7 | ||
| Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4 and 7 (IGFBP4 and 7) | NM_001552 NM_001553 | Cell proliferation | 9 and 6 | 8.5 ± 6 and 5.6 ± 2 | c | |
| Stem cell growth factor (SCGF) | D86586 | Positive control of cell proliferation | 4 | 3.8 ± 2 | ||
| Retinotic acid receptor responder 3 (tetrazone induced) (RARRES) | NM_004585 | Differentiation growth inhibition | 38 | 38 ± 2 | ||
| Growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43) | NM_002045 | Response to wounding, neurogenesis | 24 | 23.8 ± 6 | ||
| p59fyn (FYN) oncogene | S74774 | Calcium influx regulator, related to SRC, YES, FGR | 4 | 3.9 ± 0.2 | a, b | |
| Cytoskeleton | Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein interacting protein (WASPIP) | NM_003387 | Cell shape and cell size control | 5 | 5.1 ± 3 | |
| Policystic kidney disease 2 (PKD2) | NM_000297 | Cation transport, organogenesis | 5 | 4.6 ± 1.5 | a, b, c | |
| Adhesion | Osteoblast specific factor 2 (OSF2) | D13665 | Skeletal development | 6 | 5.5 ± 1.3 | |
| Tenascin C, (HXB) | NM_002160 | Cytotactin | 5 | 5 ± 0.5 | b, c | |
| Nidogen and nidogen 2 (NID and NID2) | Basement membrane, cell adhesion | 3 and 7 | 2.6 ± 0.3 and 6.7 ± 4.5 | c | ||
| Cell cycle | Cyclin D2 (CCND2) | NM_001759 | Cell cycle control | 2 | 1.9 ± 0.3 | |
| Metalloproteinases | Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 and 3 (TIMP3) | NM_000362 | Neurogenesis | 3 | 3 ± 1.4 | a, c |
| Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain 12 (ADAM12), transcript variant 1, mRNA | NM_003474 | Metallopeptidase, myocite fusion | 7 | 6.5 ± 0 | b | |
| Four and a half LIM domains 1 | NM_001449 | 4 | 4.3 ± 3 | a, b, c | ||
| Prostate tumor over expressed gene 1 (PTOV1) | AL046054 | 2 | 2.3 ± 0 | a | ||
| Apolipoprotein E | NM_000041 | Lipid transporter | 61 | 60.6 ± 34 | a | |
| Decorin variant C (DCN) | AF138302 | Histogenesis and organogenesis | 8 | 7.9 ± 4 | c |
The fold increase in expression level represents the average between the results of two independent experiments, utilizing cells derived from two different mammoplasty samples. Means ± SDEV (standard deviation) are shown in a separate column. Genes enriched in other stem cells are indicated in the last column: (a) hematopoietic stem cells, (b) neurospheres, (c) embryonic stem cells (Ramalho-Santos et al. 2002).