Table 2.

Reported cases of ecstasy-associated pneumomediastinum

Author	Year of report	Patients (n)	Age (years)	History	Symptoms	Examination	Underlying lung disease	Investigations other than chest X-ray
Levine et al.1	1993	1	17	Party, vomiting	Chest pain	Tachycardia, subcutaneous emphysema,Hamman's sign	Not reported	Gastrograffin swallow −ve
Onwudike2	1996	1	22		Chest and neck pain	Subcutaneous emphysema	Not reported	Gastrograffin swallow −ve
Rezvani et al.3	1996	2	20	Retch once	Pleuritic chest pain	Tachycardia, Hamman's sign	Not reported	Echocardiography
			18		Shortness of breath, change in voice	Tachycardia, subcutaneous emphysema		Gastrograffin swallow −ve
Pittman & Pounsford4	1997	1	17	Dancing and blowing whistle for 8 h	Chest pain and neck swelling	Surgical emphysema, Hamman's sign	Non smoker
Quin et al.5	1999	1	25	Dancing	Chest pain		Not reported	Gastrograffin swallow −ve
Harris & Joseph6	2000	1	20	Dancing	Dyspnoea and sore throat	Surgical emphysema, Hamman's sign	Asthma	Gastrograffin swallow −ve
Ryan et al.7	2001	1	16	Vomiting	Chest pain and neck swelling	Surgical emphysema	Not reported
Mazur & Hitchcock8	2001	1	18	36-h dance party	Chest pain and neck swelling	Surgical emphysema	Not reported
Le Floch et al.9	2002	1	19		Chest pain, cough	Tachycardia, surgical emphysema	Asthma, smoker
Rejali et al.10	2002	2	23	Dancing/vomit once	Neck swelling	Surgical emphysema seen in both patients	Not reported	Gastrograffin swallow −ve
			22	Dancing	Chest pain			Gastrograffin swallow +ve (treated conservatively)
Badaoui et al.11	2002	1	27		Chest pain and shortness of breath		Not reported	Gastrograffin swallow −ve, Bronchoscopy −ve
Bernaerts et al.12	2003	1	17	Snorting ecstasy	Chest pain and shortness of breath	Surgical emphysema	Not reported	Computed tomography scan showed epidural pneumatosis
Mortelmans et al.13	2005	1	16	48-h party		Tachycardia, pyrexia, subcutaneous emphysema		Computed tomography scan, elevated troponin I and creatine kinase, echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging