Table 2.
Relative risks (RR) for total vitamin intake and community-acquired pneumonia
| Quintile of intake from all sources | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | P-value, test for trend | |
| Thiamine | ||||||
| No. of cases (n) | 181 | 174 | 212 | 192 | 166 | |
| Age adjusted RR1 | Ref | 0.94(.76–1.16) | 1.14(.94–1.40) | 1.06(.86–1.30) | 0.92(.75–1.14) | 0.33 |
| Multivariate adjusted RR2 | Ref | 0.96(.78–1.20) | 1.22(.99–1.50) | 1.14(.92–1.41) | 0.98(.79–1.22) | 0.60 |
| Riboflavin | ||||||
| No. of cases (n) | 176 | 188 | 213 | 170 | 178 | |
| Age adjusted RR1 | Ref | 1.05(.85–1.29) | 1.17(.96–1.43) | 0.96(.77–1.18) | 1.02(.83–1.25) | 0.61 |
| Multivariate adjusted RR2 | Ref | 1.07(.86–1.32) | 1.21(.98–1.49) | 1.03(.83–1.29) | 1.07(.86–1.33) | 0.99 |
| Pyridoxine | ||||||
| No. of cases (n) | 176 | 191 | 200 | 178 | 180 | |
| Age adjusted RR1 | Ref | 1.08(.88–1.32) | 1.13(.93–1.39) | 1.02(.83–1.25) | 1.05(.85–1.29) | 0.93 |
| Multivariate adjusted RR2 | Ref | 1.10(.89–1.36) | 1.17(.95–1.44) | 1.08(.87–1.34) | 1.11(.89–1.37) | 0.72 |
| Niacin | ||||||
| No. of cases (n) | 182 | 184 | 200 | 195 | 164 | |
| Age adjusted RR1 | Ref | 1.01(.82–1.24) | 1.09(.89–1.33) | 1.07(.87–1.31) | 0.93(.76–1.15) | 0.50 |
| Multivariate adjusted RR2 | Ref | 0.98(.79–1.21) | 1.05(.86–1.30) | 1.08(.88–1.33) | 0.94(.75–1.17) | 0.69 |
| Vitamin B12 | ||||||
| No. of cases (n) | 198 | 179 | 198 | 191 | 159 | |
| Age adjusted RR1 | Ref | 0.90(.73–1.10) | 1.00(.82–1.21) | 0.98(.80–1.19) | 0.83(.67–1.02) | 0.17 |
| Multivariate adjusted RR2 | Ref | 0.89(.72–1.10) | 0.98(.80–1.20) | 0.96(.78–1.18) | 0.85(.69–1.06) | 0.30 |
| Vitamin A | ||||||
| No. of cases (n) | 201 | 191 | 197 | 184 | 152 | |
| Age adjusted RR1 | Ref | 0.96(.79–1.17) | 0.99(.81–1.12) | 0.94(.77–1.15) | 0.79(.64–.98) | 0.02 |
| Multivariate adjusted RR2 | Ref | 1.01(.83–1.24) | 1.08(.88–1.32) | 1.02(.82–1.25) | 0.88(.70–1.09) | 0.16 |
| Vitamin C | ||||||
| No. of cases (n) | 204 | 178 | 189 | 184 | 170 | |
| Age adjusted RR1 | Ref | 0.87(.71–1.06) | 0.92(.76–1.12) | 0.93(.76–1.13) | 0.88(.72–1.08) | 0.56 |
| Multivariate adjusted RR2 | Ref | 0.90(.73–1.11) | 1.00(.82–1.23) | 1.02(.83–1.26) | 0.94(.76–1.16) | 0.81 |
| Vitamin E | ||||||
| No. of cases (n) | 204 | 171 | 182 | 194 | 170 | |
| Age adjusted RR1 | Ref | 0.85(.69–1.04) | 0.89(.73–1.09) | 0.96(.79–1.17) | 0.88(.72–1.08) | 0.51 |
| Multivariate adjusted RR2 | Ref | 0.87(.71–1.07) | 0.95(.77–1.16) | 1.01(.82–1.24) | 0.95(.76–1.17) | 0.74 |
| Total Carotenoids | ||||||
| No. of cases (n) | 193 | 203 | 191 | 174 | 164 | |
| Age adjusted RR1 | Ref | 1.04(.86–1.27) | 1.00(.81–1.22) | 0.92(.75–1.13) | 0.88(.71–1.08) | 0.06 |
| Multivariate adjusted RR2 | Ref | 1.08(.88–1.33) | 1.06(.86–1.30) | 1.00(.81–1.24) | 0.97(.78–1.20) | 0.34 |
| Alpha-carotene | ||||||
| No. of cases (n) | 190 | 203 | 163 | 193 | 176 | |
| Age adjusted RR1 | Ref | 1.17(.96–1.42) | 0.97(.78–1.19) | 1.07(.87–1.31) | 0.99(.80–1.22) | 0.51 |
| Multivariate adjusted RR2 | Ref | 1.23(1.00–1.51) | 1.01(.81–1.25) | 1.16(.94–1.43) | 1.05(.85–1.31) | 0.94 |
| Beta-carotene | ||||||
| No. of cases (n) | 196 | 194 | 208 | 160 | 167 | |
| Age adjusted RR1 | Ref | 1.02(.84–1.25) | 1.01(.83–1.23) | 0.92(.75–1.13) | 0.90(.73–1.11) | 0.13 |
| Multivariate adjusted RR2 | Ref | 1.08(.88–1.32) | 1.07(.87–1.32) | 1.01(.82–1.22) | 0.98(.79–1.22) | 0.45 |
| Beta-cryptoxanthine | ||||||
| No. of cases (n) | 198 | 180 | 202 | 167 | 178 | |
| Age adjusted RR1 | Ref | 0.99(.81–1.21) | 1.00(.82–1.22) | 0.85(.69–1.05) | 0.94(.76–1.15) | 0.36 |
| Multivariate adjusted RR2 | Ref | 1.04(.84–1.28) | 1.03(.84–1.27) | 0.91(.73–1.13) | 1.03(.83–1.27) | 0.99 |
| Lycopene | ||||||
| No. of cases (n) | 178 | 198 | 174 | 180 | 195 | |
| Age adjusted RR1 | Ref | 1.04(.84–1.27) | 1.00(.82–1.24) | 1.01(.82–1.24) | 1.08(.88–1.33) | 0.50 |
| Multivariate adjusted RR2 | Ref | 1.08(.88–1.34) | 1.04(.84–1.29) | 1.07(.86–1.32) | 1.12(.91–1.39) | 0.35 |
| Lutein + Zeaxanthine | ||||||
| No. of cases (n) | 183 | 192 | 211 | 164 | 175 | |
| Age adjusted RR1 | Ref | 1.04(.85–1.27) | 1.14(.94–1.40) | 0.95(.77–1.17) | 1.04(.85–1.29) | 0.98 |
| Multivariate adjusted RR2 | Ref | 1.08(.88–1.33) | 1.22(.99–1.50) | 1.04(.83–1.29) | 1.17(.94–1.45) | 0.31 |
| Folate | ||||||
| No. of cases (n) | 182 | 193 | 176 | 189 | 181 | |
| Age adjusted RR1 | Ref | 1.07(.88–1.32) | 0.95(.77–1.17) | 1.05(.85–1.28) | 1.01(.82–1.24) | 0.98 |
| Multivariate adjusted RR2 | Ref | 1.13(.92–1.40) | 1.03(.83–1.28) | 1.15(.93–1.42) | 1.13(.91–1.40) | 0.36 |
| Vitamin D | ||||||
| No. of cases (n) | 197 | 177 | 187 | 182 | 182 | |
| Age adjusted RR1 | Ref | 0.88(.72–1.08) | 0.93(.76–1.13) | 0.91(.74–1.10) | 0.92(.76–1.13) | 1.0 |
| Multivariate adjusted RR2 | Ref | 0.91(.74–1.12) | 0.97(.79–1.20) | 0.96(.78–1.18) | 1.02(.83–1.26) | 1.0 |
1
RR denotes Relative Risk (95% confidence interval [CI])
2
Multivariate model adjusted for age in months, smoking (never smokers, past smokers and current smokers who smoked 1–14, 15–24, or ≥ 25 cigarettes/d), BMI (<21, 21–22.9, 23–24.9, 25–29.9, and ≥ 30 kg/m2), alcohol use (never, 0.1–4.9, 5.0–14.9, 15.0–29.9, and ≥ 30 gm/d), and physical activity (quintiles of MET).
Dietary information for vitamin E and folate were missing for 4 participants from1999 questionnaire preceding the development of pneumonia.