Table 1.

Difference in base-line characteristics among the three study periods*

Characteristics	Pre-protocol N = 2,677	Transition N = 3,513	Protocol N = 2,196
Age, yrs, mean ± SD	61.7 ± 19.3	62.3 ± 19.0	63.0 ± 19.1†
Male sex	1,405 (52.5)	1,785 (50.8)	1,156 (52.6)
White race	2,526 (94.4)	3,306 (94.1)	2,078 (94.6)
APS, Median (IQR)	40 (25–59)	41 (27–59)†	43 (30–60)†
APACHE III, Median (IQR)	55 (37–76)	56 (39–75)	58 (42–77)†
Predicted mortality, %, Median (IQR)	11.3 (3.1–29.7)	11.5 (3.5–29.2)	13.0 (4.4–31.0)†

APS = Acute Physiology Score; APACHE = Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; IQR = Interquartile range

*Values are number (percentage) unless indicated otherwise; †P < 0.05 compared to pre-protocol period.