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. 2007 Jun 12;104(25):10299–10304. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0703824104

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

Structures of α-GalCer analogs and their effect on Th1/Th2 cytokine production by human NKT cells. (A) Structure of α-GalCer and 16 synthetic glycolipid analogs, which were divided into four groups: bacterial origin (I), modification with sulfonation (II), phenol-alkyl chain analogs (III), and phytosphingosine truncated analogs (IV). To assess Th1/Th2 cytokine production by human NKT cells, human CD161+/CD3+ NKT cells (1 × 105) were cultured with 5 × 104 autologous immature CD14+ DCs pulsed with the indicated glycolipid antigens at 10 μg/ml for 18 h. Cytokines in the supernatants were measured with the Luminex 100 system in accordance with the assay protocol. (B Left) Purity of human CD161+/CD3+ NKT cells. (Right) Ratio of IFN-γ over IL-4, normalized DMSO control. Assays were performed in triplicate, and data are given as mean ± SD.