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Absolute substitution rates in Caryophyllales. Absolute rates of nonsynonymous (RN) and synonymous (RS) substitution are plotted above and below, respectively, each branch of the chronogram. RN and RS values were calculated as in Table 1, using branch lengths from Figure 4 and divergence times for nodes A and B from Wikstrom et al [45] and for nodes C, D, and E from Supplementary Figure 1 [see Additional file 1]. MYA = million years ago.
