Table 3 Association of fruit and vegetable intake and asthma prevalence in adulthood.
| Food groups and foods† | Quartile of intake (g/day) | p test for trend | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | ||
| Fruit | ⩽145.3 | >145.3–235.4 | >235.4–333.6 | >333.6 | |
| Cases (n) | 543 | 522 | 515 | 565 | |
| Controls (n) | 16339 | 16700 | 16789 | 16562 | |
| Age adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.83 to 1.06) | 0.92 (0.81 to 1.04) | 1.02 (0.90 to 1.15) | 0.8 |
| Multivariate OR (95% CI)* | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.82 to 1.05) | 0.91 (0.81 to 1.03) | 0.98 (0.87 to 1.11) | 0.7 |
| Citrus fruits | ⩽1.2 | >1.2–38.4 | >38.4–73.3 | >73.3 | |
| Cases (n) | 556 | 538 | 511 | 540 | |
| Controls (n) | 16375 | 16606 | 16745 | 16664 | |
| Age adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.85 to 1.08) | 0.90 (0.80 to 1.02) | 0.95 (0.84 to 1.07) | 0.3 |
| Multivariate OR (95% CI)* | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.86 to 1.10) | 0.90 (0.80 to 1.02) | 0.94 (0.83 to 1.06) | 0.2 |
| Fruits rich in β‐carotene | ⩽2.6 | >2.6–40.1 | >40.1–72.1 | >72.1 | |
| Cases (n) | 556 | 534 | 523 | 532 | |
| Controls (n) | 16373 | 16617 | 16848 | 16552 | |
| Age adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.84 to 1.07) | 0.91 (0.81 to 1.03) | 0.94 (0.84 to 1.07) | 0.3 |
| Multivariate OR (95% CI)* | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.85 to 1.08) | 0.92 (0.81 to 1.04) | 0.94 (0.83 to 1.06) | 0.2 |
| Apple | 0 | >0–16.2 | >16.2–31.2 | >31.2 | |
| Cases (n) | 572 | 560 | 498 | 515 | |
| Controls (n) | 16969 | 16305 | 16452 | 16664 | |
| Age adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.91 to 1.15) | 0.90 (0.80 to 1.02) | 0.91 (0.81 to 1.03) | 0.04 |
| Multivariate OR (95% CI)* | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.92 to 1.17) | 0.90 (0.80 to 1.02) | 0.90 (0.80 to 1.02) | 0.03 |
| Nuts and seeds | 0 | >0–2.9 | >2.9–31.2 | >31.2 | |
| Cases (n) | 631 | 507 | 461 | 546 | |
| Controls (n) | 18776 | 15891 | 15080 | 16643 | |
| Age adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.85 to 1.07) | 0.91 (0.81 to 1.03) | 0.98 (0.87 to 1.11) | 0.6 |
| Multivariate OR (95% CI)* | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.85 to 1.07) | 0.90 (0.79 to 1.01) | 0.93 (0.82 to 1.05) | 0.16 |
| Leafy vegetables | ⩽39.3 | >39.3–62.9 | >62.9–90.0 | >90.0 | |
| Cases (n) | 572 | 542 | 516 | 515 | |
| Controls (n) | 16335 | 16694 | 16797 | 16564 | |
| Age adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.82 to 1.05) | 0.88 (0.78 to 0.99) | 0.89 (0.79 to 1.00) | 0.03 |
| Multivariate OR (95% CI)* | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.81 to 1.02) | 0.85 (0.75 to 0.95) | 0.82 (0.73 to 0.93) | 0.0009 |
| Fruity vegetables | ⩽24.9 | >24.9–64.8 | >64.8–101.6 | >101.6 | |
| Cases (n) | 578 | 529 | 501 | 537 | |
| Controls (n) | 16316 | 16711 | 16747 | 16616 | |
| Age adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.89 (0.79 to 1.01) | 0.85 (0.75 to 0.95) | 0.91 (0.81 to 1.03) | 0.08 |
| Multivariate OR (95% CI)* | 1.00 | 0.92 (0.81 to 1.04) | 0.84 (0.74 to 0.95) | 0.87 (0.77 to 0.99) | 0.01 |
| Tomatoes | ⩽6.4 | >6.4–17.9 | >17.9–28.2 | >28.2 | |
| Cases (n) | 570 | 516 | 546 | 513 | |
| Controls (n) | 16357 | 16689 | 16719 | 16625 | |
| Age adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.79 to 1.00) | 0.94 (0.83 to 1.06) | 0.89 (0.79 to 1.00) | 0.11 |
| Multivariate OR (95% CI)* | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.80 to 1.02) | 0.93 (0.83 to 1.05) | 0.85 (0.75 to 0.96) | 0.02 |
| Root vegetables | ⩽8.6 | >8.6–27.5 | >27.5–44.6 | >44.6 | |
| Cases (n) | 571 | 552 | 498 | 524 | |
| Controls (n) | 16331 | 16673 | 16757 | 16629 | |
| Age adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.84 to 1.07) | 0.85 (0.75 to 0.96) | 0.90 (0.80 to 1.02) | 0.03 |
| Multivariate OR (95% CI)* | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.86 to 1.09) | 0.85 (0.75 to 0.96) | 0.86 (0.77 to 0.98) | 0.004 |
| Carrots | ⩽3.8 | >3.8–14.9 | >14.9–24.9 | >24.9 | |
| Cases (n) | 576 | 557 | 517 | 495 | |
| Controls (n) | 16313 | 16710 | 16698 | 16669 | |
| Age adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.84 to 1.06) | 0.88 (0.78 to 0.99) | 0.84 (0.74 to 0.95) | 0.002 |
| Multivariate OR (95% CI)* | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.86 to 1.09) | 0.86 (0.78 to 0.99) | 0.81 (0.72 to 0.92) | 0.0003 |
| Cabbage | ⩽1.3 | >1.3–18.1 | >18.1–34.8 | >34.8 | |
| Cases (n) | 568 | 520 | 505 | 552 | |
| Controls (n) | 16358 | 16653 | 16705 | 16674 | |
| Age adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.80 to 1.02) | 0.87 (0.77 to 0.98) | 0.95 (0.85 to 1.07) | 0.3 |
| Multivariate OR (95% CI)* | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.82 to 1.05) | 0.87 (0.77 to 0.98) | 0.91 (0.81 to 1.03) | 0.07 |
*Adjusted for age, total caloric intake, BMI, physical activity, smoking status, menopausal status, and vitamin supplementation use.
†Food groups: leafy vegetables (chicory, lettuce and spinach), fruity vegetables (artichoke, avocado, tomatoes, cucumber, green beans, eggplants, bell pepper, and zucchini), root vegetables (carrots, radish, beetroot, celeriac, and salsify), fruit (orange, grapefruit, mandarin, apple, pear, banana, kiwi, pineapple, strawberries or raspberries, cherry, peach, melon, apricot, raisins, plums, other fruits) and nuts and seeds.