Table 3.
Comparison of Outcome Measures and Baseline Characteristics of Patients Chronically Using Opioids With Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Patients Not Using Opioids
| Demographic Factors | No. | Chronically Using Opioids | Not Using Opioids | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 60 | 52.7 ± 13.1 | 52.9 ± 13.0 | 0.551 |
| Women | 60 | 40 (66.7%) | 40 (66.7%) | 1.00 |
| Body Mass Index, kg/m2 | 60 | 31.8 ± 7.7 | 32.5 ± 7.6 | 0.12 |
| Epworth Sleepiness Scale, score | 45a | 11.6 ± 5.6 | 10.2 ± 5.8 | 0.263 |
| Respiratory Outcomes | ||||
| Obstructive Apnea Index, no./h | 60 | 16.8 ± 24.0 | 14.2 ± 18.8 | 0.508 |
| Central Apnea Index, no./h | 60 | 12.8 ± 22.4 | 2.1 ± 4.1 | <0.01 |
| Hypopnea Index, no./h | 60 | 15.3 ± 14.1 | 13.7 ± 13.0 | 0.466 |
| Apnea-Hypopnea Index, no./h | 60b | 43.5 ± 35.2 | 30.2 ± 26.2 | 0.27 |
| Total | ||||
| During NREM sleep | 60 | 43.6 ± 38.8 | 28.6 ± 27.2 | 0.24 |
| During REM sleep | 43c | 37.4 ± 24.5 | 37.6 ± 30.4 | 0.977 |
| Mean SaO2, % | ||||
| During wake | 60 | 91.0 ± 2.6 | 93.1 ± 1.8 | <0.01 |
| During NREM sleep | 60 | 89.7 ± 3.3 | 91.9 ± 2.0 | <0.01 |
| During REM sleep | 43 | 89.3 ± 7.0 | 90.5 ± 3.9 | 0.259 |
| Sleep Outcomes | ||||
| Recording time, min | 50d | 451.0 ± 42. 2 | 456.0 ± 36.1 | 0.510 |
| Sleep time (min) | 50 | 336.0 ± 78.5 | 348.5 ± 77.5 | 0.351 |
| Sleep stage, % | ||||
| 1 | 50 | 8.0 ± 11.7 | 19.2 ±11.6 | <0.01 |
| 2 | 50 | 78.0 ± 10.8 | 64.6 ±13.5 | <0.01 |
| 3 | 50 | 1.2 ± 3.0 | 1.4 ±3.2 | 0.783 |
| 4 | 50 | 0.1 ± 0.6 | 0.2 ± 0.6 | 0.626 |
| REM | 50 | 12.0 ± 8.5 | 13.3 ±7.0 | 0.399 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD, except for women, which are presented as number (%). NREM refers to non-rapid eye movement.
Apneas and hypopneas were calculated for all 60 pairs of patients, but continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or oxygen therapy was implemented partway through the study in 8 patients in the opioid group and 3 in the control group, and only the room-air portion of study was included in the calculation.
Not all patients completed the Epworth Sleepiness Scale.
Not all patient pairs exhibited rapid eye movement (REM) sleep when breathing room air.
Sleep measures were not included in the analysis for patient pairs in which 1 or both received CPAP or oxygen partway through the night.