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Effect of PARP inhibition on hyperglycemia-induced pathways of vascular damage in BAECs. (a) PKC activation; (b) hexosamine pathway activation; (c) intracellular AGE formation; (d) NF-κB activation. *P < 0.01 compared with cells incubated in 5 mM glucose. For a through c, each bar represents the mean ± SEM of four separate experiments. For d, each bar represents the mean ± SEM of fluorescence from 40 cells measured in an in situ DNA–protein binding assay.
