Table 1.
Post-treatment and 12-month follow-up scores on outcome (pain intensity, disability, and depression) and process (catastrophizing, coping, and belief) measures.
| Measure | Post-treatment Mean (SD) | 12-month follow-up Mean (SD) | t (df) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome variables | ||||
| Pain intensity | 5.49 (1.65) | 5.46 (2.15) | 0.22 (140) | NS |
| Physical disability (RMDQ) | 9.21 (5.73) | 10.93 (6.61) | 3.88 (140) | < .001 |
| Depressive symptoms (CES-D) | 16.47 (10.88) | 19.34 (11.48) | 2.99 (140) | < .01 |
| Process variable: Catastrophizing | ||||
| CSQ Catastrophizing | 1.48 (1.37) | 1.73 (1.45) | 2.24 (140) | < .05 |
| Process variables: Beliefs | ||||
| SOPA Control | 2.72 (0.85) | 2.29 (1.00) | 5.78 (140) | < .001 |
| SOPA Disability | 1.69 (0.83) | 2.05 (1.00) | 5.57 (140) | < .001 |
| SOPA Harm | 0.82 (0.61) | 1.26 (0.79) | 8.06 (140) | < .001 |
| SOPA Emotion | 2.23 (1.04) | 2.03 (0.77) | 5.33 (140) | < .001 |
| SOPA Medication | 1.50 (0.98) | 2.23 (0.65) | 8.47 (140) | < .001 |
| SOPA Solicitude | 0.98 (0.80) | 1.02 (0.89) | 0.57 (140) | NS |
| SOPA Medical Cure | 1.19 (0.78) | 1.33 (0.83) | 2.06 (140) | < .05 |
| PBAPI Mystery | -0.22 (1.01) | -0.27 (1.08) | 0.57 (140) | NS |
| PBAPI Permanence | 0.54 (0.91) | 0.65 (0.92) | 1.50 (140) | NS |
| PBAPI Constancy | 0.79 (1.03) | 0.94 (1.00) | 1.75 (140) | NS |
| PBAPI Self-Blame | -1.15 (0.89) | -1.20 (0.90) | 0.57 (140) | NS |
| Process variables: Coping | ||||
| CPCI Guard | 2.02 (1.87) | 2.73 (2.18) | 4.62 (140) | < .001 |
| CPCI Rest | 2.83 (1.75) | 2.73 (1.97) | 0.62 (140) | NS |
| CPCI Ask for Assistance | 1.20 (1.73) | 2.04 (2.06) | 5.22 (140) | < .001 |
| CPCI Relaxation | 4.72 (1.30) | 3.10 (1.57) | 12.36 (140) | < .001 |
| CPCI Task Persistence | 5.34 (1.44) | 4.97 (1.77) | 2.40 (140) | < .05 |
| CPCI Exercise | 6.26 (1.01) | 4.59 (1.83) | 10.56 (140) | < .001 |
| CPCI Seek Support | 3.48 (1.54) | 2.27 (1.73) | 7.11 (140) | < .001 |
| CPCI Coping Self-Statements | 4.73 (1.58) | 3.39 (1.98) | 9.21 (140) | < .001 |
| CSQ Divert Attention | 3.60 (1.33) | 3.07 (1.48) | 4.67 (140) | < .001 |
| CSQ Reinterpret Pain | 1.74 (1.60) | 1.70 (1.71) | 0.35 (140) | NS |
| CSQ Ignore Pain | 3.04 (1.52) | 2.97 (1.58) | 0.53 (140) | NS |
| CSQ Hope/Pray | 2.89 (1.67) | 2.43 (1.58) | 4.03 (140) | < .001 |
| CSQ Coping Self-Statements | 4.50 (1.08) | 3.96 (1.22) | 6.23 (140) | < .001 |
| CSQ Increase Activities | 3.71 (1.10) | 3.28 (1.17) | 4.12 (140) | < .001 |
Note: N = 141. RMDQ = Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire. CES-D = Center for Epidemiologic Studies - Depression scale. SOPA = Survey of Pain Attitudes. PBAPI = Pain Beliefs and Perceptions Inventory. CPCI = Chronic Pain Coping Inventory. CSQ = Coping Strategies Questionnaire.