Table 1.
Modes of therapy of endothelial dysfunction
| References | Treatment | Patient condition | Result on endothelial function |
|---|---|---|---|
| Creager et al 1992; Quyyumi et al 1997; Boger et al 1998 | L-arginine intravenous, oral intracoronary | Hypercholesterolemia, CAD, heart failure | +EDVD |
| −EIDVD | |||
| Creager et al 1992; Boger et al 1998 | D-arginine | Hypercholesterolemia, CAD, heart failure | No effect |
| Thorne et al 1998; Wang et al 1999 | Oral arginine | Hypercholesterolemia, CAD, heart failure | Debated |
| Andrews et al 2001 | N-acetylcysteine | CAD | +EDVD |
| O'Driscoll, Green, Rankin, et al 1997; Hernandez-Perera et al 1998; Dupuis et al 1999; Lefer et al 1999; Yokoyama et al 1999; Vita et al 2000; Masumoto et al 2001; Stein et al 2001 | Statins | DM type 1, DM type 2, CAD, regardless of lipid level | +EDVD |
| Evans et al 2000 | Fibrates | DM | +EDVD |
| Ryan et al 2000; Fuentes et al 2001 | Mediterranean diet | CAD | +EDVD |
| DeSouza et al 2000 | Regular aerobic exercise | Young, old sedentary | +EDVD |
| Ziccardi et al 2002 | Weight loss | Premenopausal obese women | +EDVD |
| Ting et al 1997; Verhaar et al 1999; Chambers et al 2000; Kaufmann et al 2000; Stuhlinger et al 2001 | Antioxidant, vitamin C, folate, tetrahydrofolate | Coronary microcirculation | +EDVD |
| Skyrme-Jones, O'Brien, Berry, et al 2000; Skyrme-Jones, O'Brien, Luo, et al 2000 | Vitamin E | DM | +EDVD |
| Sesso 1999; Chou et al 2001; Duffy et al 2001 | Flavonoids | CAD | +EDVD |
| Guthikonda et al 2003 | Allopurinol | Smokers | +EDVD |
| Husain et al 1998 | Aspirin | CAD | +EDVD |
| Gilligan, Quyyumi, et al 1994; Venkov et al 1996; Thompson et al 2000; Webb et al 2000 | Estrogen | CAD, hypercholesterolemia | +EDVD |
| Wakatsuki et al 2001 | Progesterone | CAD | Offset estrogen effect |
| Clarke et al 2001; Wassmann et al 2002 | Tamoxifen, raloxifene | CAD | +EDVD |
| Lissin and Cooke 2000; Walker et al 2001 | Phytoestrogen | Normal | +EDVD |
| Webb et al 1999 | Testosterone | CAD | +EDVD |
| Bijlstra et al 1995; Mancini et al 1996; O'Driscoll, Green, Rankin, et al 1997; Mullen et al 1998; O'Driscoll et al 1999; McFarlane et al 1999; Anderson et al 2000; Prasad et al 2000; Hornig et al 2001 | ACEI (most studies) | DM, CAD | +EDVD |
| Cheetham et al 2000; Hornig et al 2001 | ARB | DM, CAD | Debated results |
| Berger et al 2001; Cardillo et al 2002 | Endothiline receptor blockers | Hypertension, heart failure | +EDVD |
| ENCORE I Study 2003 | Nifedipine | PCI | +EDVD |
| Mather et al 2001 | Metformin | DM | +EDVD |
| Tack et al 1998; Pistrosch et al 2004 | Rosiglitazone | DM | +EDVD |
| Goodfellow et al 2000 | Omega 3 fatty acid | Hypercholesterolemia | +EDVD |
Abbreviations: ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; CAD, coronary artery disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; EDVD, endothelium-dependent vasodilation; EIDVD, endothelium-independent vasodilation; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention.