Table 3.

Logistic regression analysis of the likelihood that persons with bipolar I disorder in the Medstat database received treatments either recommended or advised against by guidelines^a

	1994		1999
Variable	z score	SE	z score	SE
Lithium, valproic acid, or carbamazepine	−1.56	.165	4.61**	.885
Therapy	−4.70**	.062	−14.40**	.002
Lithium, valproic acid, or carbamazepine plus therapy	−2.83*	.120	−3.93*	.093
Antidepressant in the absence of lithium, valproic acid, or carbamazepineb	4.79**	.757	.44	.293

^aThe reference year was 1991. The following variables were controlled for in the model: gender, relationship to employee (that is, spouse, elderly dependent, or child), age, medical comorbidity, substance use disorder, and other psychiatric comorbidity.

^bTreatment advised against by guidelines

^*p<.01

^**p<.001