Table 3 Relationship of carotid artery stiffness (per standard deviation [12 7μ] decrease in adjusted arterial diameter change) and early age‐related macular degeneration, stratified by sex, race, hypertension and smoking status.

	OR (95% CI)*
	Early AMD	Soft drusen	Any pigmentary abnormality
All	0.94 (0.85 to 1.04)	0.98 (0.87 to 1.09)	0.92 (0.80 to 1.06)
Sex
Female	1.09 (0.93 to 1.27)	1.15 (0.97 to 1.36)	0.85 (0.68 to 1.06)
Male	0.84 (0.73 to 0.97)	0.84 (0.71 to 0.98)	0.97 (0.80 to 1.18)
Race
African‐American	0.97 (0.73 to 1.28)	0.96 (0.72 to 1.28)	1.09 (0.62 to 1.91)
White	0.95 (0.84 to 1.06)	0.98 (0.87 to 1.12)	0.91 (0.78 to 1.05)
Hypertension
Absent	0.96 (0.84 to 1.10)	1.00 (0.86 to 1.16)	0.95 (0.79 to 1.14)
Present	0.93 (0.79 to 1.11)	0.95 (0.79 to 1.14)	0.90 (0.71 to 1.15)
Smoking
Non‐smoker	0.96 (0.85 to 1.08)	0.98 (0.86 to 1.12)	0.97 (0.83to 1.15)
Current/past smoker	0.88 (0.69 to 1.12)	0.94 (0.72 to 1.22)	0.72 (0.51 to 1)
IMT
Below median, <0.7	1.08 (0.91 to 1.27)	1.16 (0.97 to 1.39)	1.03 (0.82 to 1.30)
Above median, > = 0.7	0.88 (0.77 to 1.01)	0.88 (0.76 to 1.02)	0.89 (0.74 to 1.07)

AADC, adjusted arterial diameter change; AMD, age‐related macular degeneration; IMT, intima–media thickness.

*OR (95% CI) of early age‐related macular degeneration signs per standard deviation decrease in AADC (127 μ decrease), adjusted for age, sex (except for sex strata), race/center (except for race strata), education, cigarette smoking (except for cigarette smoking strata), fasting glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride level, white cell count and fibrinogen level.