TABLE 3.

Associations between maternal antioxidant intakes and child outcomes at 2 y of age¹

	Any wheezing in the first 2 y (n = 1161)		Recurrent wheezing in the first 2 y (n = 1038)2
Nutrients	Univariate model	Multivariate model3	Univariate model	Multivariate model4
Vitamin C
1	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
2	0.82 (0.58, 1.15)5	0.93 (0.65, 1.35)	1.02 (0.63, 1.65)	1.05 (0.62, 1.77)
3	0.65 (0.46, 0.93)6	0.84 (0.58, 1.22)	0.85 (0.52, 1.40)	1.04 (0.60, 1.78)
4	0.67 (0.47, 0.94)6	0.79 (0.54, 1.15)	0.56 (0.32, 0.97)6	0.75 (0.41, 1.36)
P for trend7	0.01	0.2	0.03	0.4
Vitamin E
1	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
2	0.71 (0.51, 1.01)	0.90 (0.62, 1.31)	0.60 (0.37, 0.98)	0.79 (0.47, 1.34)
3	0.67 (0.48, 0.95)6	0.84 (0.58, 1.22)	0.68 (0.43, 1.10)	0.90 (0.54, 1.52)
4	0.52 (0.36, 0.74)6	0.70 (0.48, 1.03)	0.36 (0.20, 0.62)6	0.49 (0.27, 0.90)6
P for trend7	0.0004	0.06	0.0007	0.05
Zinc
1	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
2	0.77 (0.55, 1.08)	0.89 (0.61, 1.29)	0.56 (0.34, 0.92)	0.61 (0.35, 1.06)
3	0.67 (0.47, 0.94)6	0.85 (0.59, 1.24)	0.73 (0.46, 1.17)	0.89 (0.53, 1.49)
4	0.49 (0.34, 0.70)6	0.59 (0.41, 0.88)6	0.41 (0.24, 0.69)6	0.49 (0.27, 0.87)
P for trend7	< .0001	0.01	0.004	0.06
Lutein + zeaxanthin
1	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
2	1.00 (0.72, 1.41)	1.20 (0.83, 1.73)	1.02 (0.63, 1.67)	1.35 (0.79, 2.32)
3	0.85 (0.60, 1.20)	1.12 (0.77, 1.63)	0.96 (0.59, 1.56)	1.59 (0.92, 2.74)
4	0.65 (0.45, 0.93)6	0.84 (0.56, 1.25)	0.52 (0.30, 0.90)6	0.91 (0.49, 1.67)
P for trend7	0.01	0.4	0.03	0.9
Folic acid
1	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
2	0.94 (0.67, 1.32)	1.13 (0.78, 1.64)	0.77 (0.48, 1.24)	0.93 (0.55, 1.58)
3	0.63 (0.44, 0.89)6	0.79 (0.54, 1.16)	0.58 (0.35, 0.95)6	0.75 (0.43, 1.28)
4	0.64 (0.45, 0.91)6	0.89 (0.60, 1.31)	0.46 (0.27, 0.78)6	0.68 (0.38, 1.22)
P for trend7	0.002	0.2	0.002	0.1
α-Carotene
1	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
2	0.77 (0.54, 1.09)	0.87 (0.60, 1.26)	0.98 (0.60, 1.60)	1.22 (0.71, 2.09)
3	0.82 (0.58, 1.16)	1.00 (0.69, 1.45)	0.74 (0.43, 1.25)	1.01 (0.57, 1.80)
4	0.75 (0.53, 1.06)	0.92 (0.63, 1.34)	0.88 (0.53, 1.45)	1.26 (0.72, 2.21)
P for trend7	0.2	0.8	0.4	0.6
β-Carotene
1	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
2	1.01 (0.71, 1.41)	1.28 (0.88, 1.88)	0.85 (0.52, 1.37)	1.24 (0.72, 2.13)
3	0.85 (0.60, 1.20)	1.21 (0.82, 1.77)	0.76 (0.46, 1.24)	1.23 (0.72, 2.13)
4	0.71 (0.50, 1.02)	0.98 (0.66, 1.47)	0.58 (0.34, 0.97)6	1.01 (0.56, 1.81)
P for trend7	0.04	0.9	0.04	0.9
β-Cryptoxanthin
1	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
2	0.80 (0.57, 1.13)	0.82 (0.57, 1.18)	1.36 (0.82, 2.24)	1.33 (0.78, 2.28)
3	0.72 (0.51, 1.02)	0.81 (0.56, 1.18)	0.95 (0.56, 1.63)	0.97 (0.55, 1.72)
4	0.92 (0.66, 1.30)	0.97 (0.67, 1.41)	1.05 (0.62, 1.78)	1.28 (0.73, 2.26)
P for trend7	0.5	0.9	0.7	0.7
Lycopene
1	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
2	1.27 (0.90, 1.80)	1.50 (1.02, 2.19)	0.88 (0.53, 1.46)	1.06 (0.62, 1.83)
3	1.26 (0.90, 1.79)	1.67 (1.14, 2.45)	1.01 (0.62, 1.64)	1.40 (0.82, 2.40)
4	0.83 (0.58, 1.19)	0.96 (0.64, 1.42)	0.70 (0.42, 1.17)	0.75 (0.42, 1.33)
P for trend7	0.3	0.9	0.3	0.6
Copper
1	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
2	0.78 (0.55, 1.10)	0.93 (0.64, 1.35)	0.63 (0.38, 1.03)	0.75 (0.43, 1.30)
3	0.71 (0.50, 1.01)	0.91 (0.62, 1.34)	0.67 (0.41, 1.09)	1.02 (0.60, 1.75)
4	0.69 (0.49, 0.99)6	0.90 (0.61, 1.33)	0.57 (0.34, 0.95)6	0.90 (0.51, 1.59)
P for trend7	0.03	0.6	0.04	1.0

¹Calorie-adjusted nutrients, including supplements, are in quartiles of intake, with the first quartile being the lowest and the fourth quartile being the highest.

²One hundred twenty-three children who were reported to wheeze on either the first- or second-year questionnaire only were excluded from the recurrent wheezing analyses.

³Adjusted for sex, maternal age, maternal asthma, paternal asthma, family income, passive smoke exposure, breastfeeding, and other children <12 y old in the home.

⁴Adjusted for body weight, sex, maternal age, maternal prepregnancy BMI, maternal asthma, paternal asthma, family income, passive smoke exposure, breastfeeding, and other children <12 y old in the home.

⁵Odds ratio; 95% CI in parentheses (all such values).

⁶P < 0.05 for the comparison with the lowest quartile of intake.

⁷P for trend obtained from trend test (Wald) in logistic regression models.