The behavioral responses (A) and Fos expression (B, C) of diabetic mice receiving 2 weeks of daily intrathecal injections of vehicle (CSF), NGF, or GDNF. A) At 5 weeks post-STZ, statistical analysis did not show an effect of treatment group on the Phase 1 or 2 behavioral responses over time. B) Both NGF and GDNF treatment increased the overall number of Fos-positive neurons per section compared to CSF-treated mice. C) NGF treatment significantly increased Fos-positive neurons within all laminae, while GDNF treatment increased Fos-positive neurons within laminae III/IV and V/VI. Data plotted as means +/− standard error of mean. * P < 0.05 vs CSF-injected diabetic mice.