Treadmill exercise tolerance of cross-bred mice measured as beam breaks per minute. Mice were run five times for 1 hour at 20 m/min, and scores for each animal were averaged. (a) HCM × β2AR mice (NTG, n = 8; HCM, n = 6; β2AR, n = 8; HCM/β2AR, n = 5). (b) HCM × βARKct mice (NTG, n = 6; HCM, n = 8; βARKct, n = 8; HCM/βARKct, n = 8). (c) HCM × PLB-null mice (NTG, n = 8; HCM, n = 7; PLB-null, n = 7; HCM/PLB-null, n = 8). AP < 0.01 vs. NTG; ANOVA. BP < 0.05 vs. HCM; ANOVA.