Table 1 Categories associated with specific pancreatic cancer risk factors.

Low (<5‐fold)

Male

Black

Ashkenazi Jewish descent

Obesity

Smoking

Diabetes mellitus

Helicobacter pylori infection

History of any cancer in a first‐degree relative

Hereditary non‐polyposis colorectal cancer

Familial adenomatous polyposis

History of PC in one first‐degree relative

BRCA1 mutation carrier

Moderate (5–10‐fold)

History of PC in two first‐degree relatives

Cystic fibrosis

Chronic pancreatitis

BRCA2 mutation carrier

High (>10‐fold)

FAMMM kindreds with p16 germline mutation and at least one case of PC in first‐degree or second‐degree relative

Peutz–Jeghers syndrome

Hereditary pancreatitis

⩾3 first‐degree, second‐degree or third‐degree relatives with PC

Possibly: BRCA2 or BRCA1 mutation carrier with at least one case of PC in first‐degree or second‐degree relative

PC, pancreatic cancer.