Table 2.
Barriers to Self-Management Reported by Study Participants: Bivariate (Spearman) Correlations With Outcomes
| Correlation Coefficients | |||
| Potential Barrier to Self-Management* | Mean Score (SD)† | Health Status | Physical Functioning |
| Count of diseases (no scale) | 8.7 (2.7) | −0.41‡ | − 0.38‡ |
| Persistent depressive symptoms (yes/no: 0.0–1.0) | 0.6 (0.5) | − 0.32‡ | − 0.25‡ |
| Physical functioning | 43.6 (27.3) | 0.55‡ | … |
| Self-efficacy | 71.6 (19.3) | 0.31‡ | 0.28‡ |
| Health literacy | 74.9 (21.4) | 0.16§ | 0.12|| |
| Disease burden | 19.5 (10.3) | − 0.51‡ | − 0.51‡ |
| Compound effects of conditions | 60.2 (15.8) | 0.32‡ | 0.23‡ |
| Overwhelmed by 1 condition | 68.3 (23.4) | 0.31‡ | 0.25‡ |
| Knowledge about conditions | 55.9 (27.9) | 0.24‡ | 0.07 |
| Financial constraints | 66.4 (26.3) | 0.34‡ | 0.32‡ |
| Social activity | 71.9 (21.1) | 0.26‡ | 0.24‡ |
| Patient-clinician communication | 82.5 (17.9) | 0.23‡ | 0.08 |
| Medication knowledge | 78.7 (16.1) | 0.18§ | 0.09 |
| Medication adherence | 77.8 (20.7) | 0.17§ | 0.15§ |
| Compound effects of medications | 55.3 (17.4) | 0.10 | 0.06 |
* Listed in order of addition to multivariate models.
† Scales 0 to 100 except as noted. Higher scores are consistent with being better off for a given domain, eg, better knowledge, fewer financial constraints, better patient-clinician communication.
‡ P ≤ 001.
§ P ≤ 01.
|| P ≤ 05.