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. 2007 Sep 19;104(39):15418–15423. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0707210104

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© 2007 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA

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Fig. 4. — Gremlin 1 partially inhibits Caco-2 cell differentiation and activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling in normal intestinal cells. (A) Quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed a statistically significant decrease in expression of intestinal epithelial differentiation markers ANPEP and p21 at day 7 when Caco-2 cells were cultured in growth media supplemented with gremlin 1. The analysis detected a significant up-regulation of the AXIN2 transcript in Caco-2 cells after a 4-h treatment with gremlin 1 (*, P < 0.05). (B) Quantitative RT-PCR analysis demonstrated a statistically significant increase in AXIN2 expression in normal rat intestinal cells IEC-6 and IEC-18 after 48-h treatment with gremlin 1 (*, P < 0.01). (C and D) Gremlin 1 induces nuclear/cytoplasm localization of β-catenin in IEC-18 cells.