Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study cohort according to use of hormonal contraceptives (HC)
| Never-users n = 286 | Starters n = 73 | Continuers n = 183 | Stoppers n = 117 | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 39.1(± 4.3) | 37.4(± 4.6)* | 37.6 (± 4.6)* | 36.5(± 4.5)* | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg m−2) | 25.0(± 4.4) | 24.3(± 3.6) | 24.7(± 3.8) | 24.2(± 4.3) | 0.34 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 114.0 (± 13.3) | 114.8 (± 10.5) | 117.7 (± 13.3)* | 114.6 (± 12.7) | 0.02 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 67.4 (± 8.0) | 67.8 (± 7.5) | 69.1 (± 7.7) | 68.1 (± 7.4) | 0.17 |
| Glucose (mmol l−1) | 4.4 (± 1.0) | 4.4 (± 0.6) | 4.3 (± 0.7) | 4.4 (± 0.6) | 0.71 |
| Cholesterol (mmol l−1) | 5.1 (± 1.3) | 5.0 (± 1.0) | 5.0 (± 1.5) | 5.0 (± 0.9) | 0.88 |
| Urinary albumin excretion (mg 24 h−1) | 8.4 (3.9, 18.4) | 8.3 (4.4, 15.4) | 9.7 (4.1, 23.0) | 8.9 (4.5, 17.9) | 0.23 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate (ml min−1 1.73 m−2) | 82.1 (± 11.9) | 81.1 (± 13.2) | 78.3 (± 11.4)* | 81.7 (± 10.0) | 0.01 |
| Smoking (%) | 46.8 | 52.1 | 52.7 | 53.8 | 0.48 |
| History of myocardial infarction (%) | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.74 |
| Use of lipid-lowering drugs (%) | 0.3 | 2.7 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 0.29 |
| Use of statins (%) | 0.0 | 2.7 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 0.11 |
| Use of antihypertensives (%) | 5.9 | 4.1 | 5.5 | 3.4 | 0.73 |
| Use of renin – angiotensin system inhibitors (%) | 1.4 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 1.7 | 0.74 |
| Use of antidiabetics (%) | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.73 |
Continuous variables are presented as mean and SD; categorical variables are presented as percentage; urinary albumin excretion is presented as geometric mean and 95% confidence intervaI; P-value indicates whether mean or prevalence of a certain variable differs between groups (using one-way anova for mean and Pearson χ2 for percentage).
*
P-value < 0.05 indicates mean of a certain variable differs between this group compared with never-users using the Tukey test.