Table 2.
Case reports
| No. | Reference | Year | Sex | Age, years | Initial dose | Maximum dose | Time of onset | Psychiatric disorders | Abuse | Dependence | Withdrawal | Tolerance | Paradoxical effects | Other drug abuse |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Bruun [2] | 1993 | F | 42 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 alcohol | ||||||
| 2 | Bruun | 1993 | M | 52 | 70 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 3 | Bruun | 1993 | F | 55 | 120 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| 4 | Cavallaro [3] | 1993 | F | 60 | 10 | 100 | 2 months | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Previous history | ||
| 5 | Cavallaro | 1993 | F | 31 | 20 | 80 | 2 months | d | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| 6 | Gericke [4] | 1993 | M | 33 | 20 | 280 | <1 month | d | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 7 | Thome [5] | 1995 | M | 75 | 70 | d | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| 8 | Chamorro [6] | 1996 | M | 35 | 300 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| 9 | Sanchez [7] | 1996 | M | 33 | 10 | 400 | 2 months | d | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| 10 | Watsky [8] | 1996 | M | 50 | 10 | 0 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| 11 | Bottlender [9] | 1997 | M | 53 | 140 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 Parkinson | Previous history | |||
| 12 | Gilbert [10] | 1997 | M | 37 | 10 | 130 | 2 months | 1 | 1 | |||||
| 13 | Ravishankar [11] | 1998 | F | 55 | 200 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| 14 | Ravishankar | 1998 | M | 28 | 100 | d | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| 15 | Hofmann [12] | 1998 | F | 50 | 600 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 16 | Courtet [13] | 1999 | F | 63 | 10 | 300 | <1 month | d | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Alcohol |
| 17 | Courtet | 1999 | F | 28 | 800 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 18 | Courtet | 1999 | F | 69 | 200 | 1 d | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 19 | Courtet | 1999 | M | 35 | 100 | 1 | Poly toxicomania | |||||||
| 20 | Courtet | 1999 | M | 32 | 60 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |||
| 21 | Courtet | 1999 | M | 45 | 120 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| 22 | Courtet | 1999 | M | 40 | 200 | 1 | Poly toxicomania | |||||||
| 23 | Strohle [14] | 1999 | M | 49 | 80 | d | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 24 | Sakkas [15] | 1999 | F | 44 | 300 | 1 month | 1 d | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 25 | Vartzopoulos [16] | 2000 | F | 42 | 10 | 300 | <1 month | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 benzodiazepine | |||
| 26 | Vartzopoulos | 2000 | F | 30 | 500 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 benzodiazepine | |||||
| 27 | Vartzopoulos | 2000 | F | 26 | 10 | 200 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 28 | Vartzopoulos | 2000 | M | 33 | 10 | 120 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 29 | Aragona [17] | 2000 | F | 43 | 10 | 600 | 2 months | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 benzodiazepine | ||
| 30 | Golden [18] | 2000 | M | 39 | 40 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| 31 | Madrak [19] | 2001 | F | 67 | 10 | 100 | d | 1 | 1 | 1 benzodiazepine | ||||
| Alcohol | ||||||||||||||
| 32 | Fenéon [20] | 2001 | F | 17 | 1120 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Poly toxicomania | ||
| 33 | Correas [21] | 2002 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| 34 | Correas | 2002 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| 35 | Correas | 2002 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
| 36 | Barrero [22] | 2002 | F | 50 | 450 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| 37 | Liappas [23] | 2003 | F | 28 | 10 | 300 | 2 months | d | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| 38 | Liappas | 2003 | F | 35 | 150 | 1 month | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |||
| 39 | Liappas | 2003 | M | 29 | 10 | 300 | 1 year | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | ||
| 40 | Liappas | 2003 | F | 80 | 10 | 100 | 2 months | d | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 41 | Liappas | 2003 | M | 35 | 450 | 3 months | 1 | 1 | 1 | Previous history alcohol | ||||
| 42 | Liappas | 2003 | F | 33 | 600 | a few months | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 43 | Liappas | 2003 | F | 46 | 200 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 benzodiazepine | |||||
| 44 | Liappas [24] | 2003 | F | 30 | 300 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 45 | Liappas | 2003 | M | 30 | 300 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 cocaine | ||||
| 46 | Liappas | 2003 | M | 42 | 10 | 600 | a few months | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| 47 | Tripodianakis [25] | 2003 | F | 43 | 10 | 600 | d | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 48 | Rappa [26] | 2004 | M | 46 | 5 | 400 | a few months | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Previous history | ||
| 49 | Boulanger [27] | 2004 | F | 35 | 240 | 2 months | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Polytoxicomania | ||
| 50 | Boulanger | 2004 | M | 30 | 400 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Polytoxicomania | ||
| 51 | Kao [28] | 2004 | M | 35 | 10 | 400IV | 1 week | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Polytoxicomania | ||
| 52 | Krueger [29] | 2005 | F | 39 | 10 | 600 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 53 | Sethi [30] | 2005 | M | 42 | 10 | 200 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Column 9 and above: 1, the patient presents with the characteristics; 0, he does not present with any; d, depression; void, no information.