The difference in number of adverse events vs. the size of therapeutic interval (TI = TC50/EC50) between a randomized dose-controlled trial (RDCT) with model-based analysis (MBA) with biomarker as independent variable and a randomized concentration-controlled trial (RCCT) with group-wise analysis. The graphs are conditioned on variability in (a) TC50 (, 0 varCL; , 0.2 varCL; , 0.3 varCL; , 0.5 varCL; , 0 varTC50) and (b) CL (, 0 varTC50; , 0.3 varTC50; , 0.5 varTC50; , 0.75 varTC50; , 1 varTC50). The variability is noted as the CV.