Histograms represent mean (+SEM) BOLD responses by experimental condition, averaged across all voxels (blue) showing a larger response (p < .01) for ‘tools’(novel + repeated) than for animals(novel + repeated). The red line in the axial view indicates the plane of the coronal view. (A) RS was observed for ‘tools’ in the left middle temporal gyrus (1,156mm3; TT: -49, -61, -7; shown at y = -61). (B) RS was restricted to ‘tools’ in the left caudal IPS (Culham et al., 2003) (3,416mm3; TT: -16, -67, 44) and was observed for both ‘tools’ and arbitrarily manipulated objects in right caudal IPS (223mm3; TT: 24, -64, 36) (axial view at z = 34). Caudal IPS is involved in visual analysis of object affordances for object-directed reaching (e.g., Culham et al., 2003).