Association of GFP-Rab proteins with chlamydial inclusions is maintained in the absence of microtubules. Transiently transfected HeLa cells were mock infected (A, B, D, E, G, H, J, K, M, and N) or infected with C. trachomatis serovar L2 for 18 h (C, F, I, and L) or with C. pneumoniae for 44 h (O). Cells were treated with 20 μM nocodazole for 3 h to disassemble microtubules, fixed, permeabilized, and stained with antichlamydial LPS (data not shown). Although treatment with nocodazole disrupts the microtubule network and causes dispersal of recycling endosomes and the Golgi apparatus, GFP-Rab1, GFP-Rab4, GFP-Rab6, GFP-Rab11, and GFP-Rab10 remain associated with the inclusion. Arrowheads indicate inclusions. Bar, 5 μm.