Figure 3.

(a) The expression of ICAM-1 mRNA in human tracheal epithelial cells 3 days after treatment with hochu-ekki-to (100 ng ml⁻¹) or vehicle (0.2% DMSO, control) detected by real-time quantitative RT-PCR. ICAM-1 mRNA was normalized to the constitutive expression of GAPDH mRNA. Results are means±s.e.m. from five different tracheae. Significant differences from control values are indicated by ^**P<0.01. (b) The sICAM-1 concentrations in supernatants of human tracheal epithelial cells 3 days after treatment with hochu-ekki-to (100 ng ml⁻¹) or vehicle (0.2% DMSO, control). The cells were treated with hochu-ekki-to or vehicle for 3 days before RV14 infection. At 1 day before RV14 infection, cells were rinsed with PBS and fresh DF-12 medium containing 2% USG was replaced. Then, supernatants were collected just before RV14 infection and the sICAM-1 concentrations in supernatants were measured. Results are means±s.e.m. from five different tracheae. Significant differences from control values are indicated by ^**P<0.01.