Table 2.

Oxidation of albumin and its effect on high affinity binding

Mode of oxidation	Indicator of oxidation	Ligand used for binding	Change	Reference
Ascorbic acid	Carbonyl groups	Bromcresol green	↑	Meucci et al. (1991)
	Tyrosine dimers	Bilirubin	↓
		Progesterone	↓
Ascorbic acid/FeCl2	Carbonyl groups	Warfarin	±	Anraku et al. (2001)
Chloramine T		Ketoprofen	↓
H2O2
Ascorbic acid/FeCl2	Carbonyl groups	Warfarin	±	Iwao et al. (2006a), (2006b)
		Ketoprofen	↓
Chloramine T	Carbonyl groups, fraction of HNA2	Warfarin	±, ↓a	Anraku et al. (2003)
		Ketoprofen	±, ↓a
Haemodialysis	Carbonyl groups	Warfarin	↓	Mera et al. (2005)
	HMA/HNA ratio	Ketoprofen	↓
Glucose	% glycosylated albumin	Dansylsarcosine	↓	Wörner et al. (1990)
Glucose	% glycosylated albumin	L-tryptophan	±	Bohney and Feldhoff (1992)
Glucose	Mol glucose/ mol albumin	Dansylamide	±	Okabe and Hashizume (1994)
		Warfarin	±
		Phenylbutazone	↓
		Dansylproline	↓
		Ibuprofen	↓
		Flufenamic acid	↓
Glucose	% glycosylated albumin	Warfarin	↑	Nakajou et al. (2003)
		Dansylsarcosine	↓
Liver failure		Dansylsarcosine	↓	Klammt et al. (2001)
Cystine	HNA1	L-tryptophan	↓	Kawakami et al. (2006)
		Cefazoline	↓
		Verapamil	↑
Homocysteine	Protein bound homocysteine	Salicylic acid	±	Perna et al. (2006)
		Warfarin	±
		Diazepam	↓
NO	SH-content	Palmitate	↑, ↓b	Burczynski et al. (1995)
NO	SH-content	Phenolsulphophthalein	↓	Kashiba-Iwatsuki et al. (1997)
Ethacrynic acid	Molecular mass	Diazepam	±	Bertucci et al. (1998)
		Phenylbutazone	±
		Bilirubin	↑

Abbreviations: HMA, human mercaptalbumin; HNA, human nonmercaptalbumin; NO, nitric oxide.

^aDepending on concentration of oxidant.

^bDepending on concentration of ligand.