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Biotransformation pathways for caffeine. Thick arrows indicate the major pathways and abbreviations beside the arrows indicate enzymes. Abbreviations: 13X; theophylline (1,3-dimethylxanthine), 37X; theobromine(3,7-dimethylxanthine), 1,7X; 1,7-dimethylxanthine, 1,7U; 1,7-dimethyluric acid, 1X; 1-methylxanthine, 1U; 1-methyluric acid, AFMU, 5-acetylamino-6-formylamino-3-methyluracil, AAMU; 5-acetylamino-6-amino-3-methyluracil, NAT2; N-acetyltransferase 2.
