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Chemical structures of valproic acid (VPA) and its derivatives and analogues – valpromide (VPD), propylisopropylacetic acid (PIA), valnoctic acid (VCA), the valproic acid metabolite, 4-ene-VPA, and a synthetic analogue, 4-yn-VPA. Also shown for comparison are butyric acid (BuA), an HDAC inhibitor and dexamethasone (Dex), a P-gp inducer.
