Table 4.

Therapeutic interventions that improve endothelial function in patients with established endothelial dysfunction.

Intervention	Route	Risk factor	Agonists	References
HMG CoA reductase inhibitors	Oral	Familial hypercholesterolaemia	5HT, SNP	[99]
	Oral	Hypercholesterolaemia	ACh, SNP	[113]
LDL Apheresis	–	Familial hypercholesterolaemia	ACh, SNP	[137]
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors	Oral	Hypercholesterolaemia	ACh, SNP	[116]
	Oral	Type I diabetes	ACh, SNP	[115]
Folic acid	i.a.	Familial hypercholesterolaemia	5HT, SNP	[138]
	Oral	Familial hypercholesterolaemia	5HT, SNP	[139]
Vitamin C	i.a.	Hypercholesterolaemia	MCh, SNP, verapamil	[54]
	i.a.	Type I diabetes	MCh, SNP	[140]
	i.a.	Essential hypertension	ACh, SNP	[141]
Vitamin E	Oral	Hypercholesterolaemia + smoking	ACh, SNP	[142]
	Oral	Hypercholesterolaemia	ACh, SNP	[143]
Fish oils	Oral	Type II diabetes	ACh, GTN	[144]

ACh – acetylcholine, SNP – sodium nitroprusside, MCh – methacholine, 5HT − 5-hydroxytryptamine, GTN – glyceryl trinitrate, i.a. – intra-arterial.