Table 4 Non‐pharmacologic options for patients with chronic stable angina.

	Mechanism(s) of benefit		Advantages		Disadvantages
External enhanced counterpulsation (EECP)	Reduced aortic impedanceIncreased mean coronary perfusion pressure		Non‐invasiveNo major adverse effectsRelatively inexpensive		Minor adverse effects: leg discomfort and oedemaContraindications: severe CHF, AR, severe PVD and severe ectopy
Myocardial laser revascularisation (PTMR and TMR)	Direct delivery of nutrients to ischaemic myocardium via laser created channelsDenervation of the left ventriclePromotion of angiogenesis		TMR can be used at time of CABGPTMR has low procedural morbidity		Significant placebo effect with both TMR and PTMRTMR—requires surgical or thoracoscopic approachNot widely availableBenefits of PTMR not clear
Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)	Revascularise ischaemic myocardium		Reduction in angina in symptomatic patientsDefine coronary anatomy		InvasiveCostly

AR, aortic regurgitation; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; CHF, congestive heart failure; PTMR percutaneous transmyocardial laser revascularisation; PVD, peripheral vascular disease; TMR, transmyocardial laser revascularisation.