TABLE 2.
Body-composition measures in study completers over the course of 1 y1
| RF group
(n = 36) |
RF + FV group
(n = 35) |
Difference between groups | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome at selected time points | Value | Change from
baseline value |
Value | Change from
baseline value |
Effect | P |
| Body weight (kg) | Group × time2 | 0.002 | ||||
| Baseline | 90.2 ± 1.4 3,4 | — | 90.8 ± 1.84 | — | ||
| 3 mo | 85.3 ± 1.4 | −4.9 ± 0.5 | 84.3 ± 1.7 | −6.5 ± 0.5 | ||
| 6 mo | 83.5 ± 1.5 | −6.7 ± 0.7 | 81.9 ± 1.7 | −8.9 ± 0.8 | ||
| 12 mo | 83.8 ± 1.7 | −6.4 ± 0.9 | 82.9 ± 2.0 | −7.9 ± 0.9 | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | Group × time2 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Baseline | 33.3 ± 0.4 3,4 | — | 33.4 ± 0.54 | — | ||
| 3 mo | 31.4 ± 0.4 | −1.8 ± 0.2 | 31.0 ± 0.5 | −2.4 ± 0.2 | ||
| 6 mo | 30.8 ± 0.4 | −2.5 ± 0.3 | 30.2 ± 0.5 | −3.3 ± 0.3 | ||
| 12 mo | 30.9 ± 0.5 | −2.4 ± 0.4 | 30.5 ± 0.6 | −2.9 ± 0.4 | ||
| Body fat (%) | Group5 | 0.71 | ||||
| Time | <0.0001 | |||||
| Baseline | 39.2 ± 0.4 3,4 | — | 38.8 ± 0.54 | — | ||
| 3 mo | 37.6 ± 0.4 | −1.6 ± 0.3 | 37.0 ± 0.5 | −1.8 ± 0.3 | ||
| 6 mo | 36.5 ± 0.5 | −2.7 ± 0.4 | 35.6 ± 0.7 | −3.2 ± 0.5 | ||
| 12 mo | 36.6 ± 0.6 | −2.6 ± 0.5 | 36.2 ± 0.7 | −2.6 ± 0.5 | ||
| Body fat (kg) | Group5 | 0.44 | ||||
| Time | <0.0001 | |||||
| Baseline | 35.4 ± 0.7 3,4 | — | 35.4 ± 1.04 | — | ||
| 3 mo | 33.4 ± 0.7 | −1.9 ± 0.2 | 32.9 ± 1.0 | −2.6 ± 0.2 | ||
| 6 mo | 32.7 ± 0.7 | −2.7 ± 0.3 | 31.9 ± 1.0 | −3.5 ± 0.3 | ||
| 12 mo | 32.9 ± 0.8 | −2.5 ± 0.4 | 32.4 ± 1.1 | −3.1 ± 0.4 | ||
| Lean body mass (kg) | Group5 | 0.42 | ||||
| Time | 0.14 | |||||
| Baseline | 54.6 ± 0.7 3,4 | — | 55.0 ± 1.04 | — | ||
| 3 mo | 53.1 ± 0.8 | −1.4 ± 0.3 | 53.1 ± 0.8 | −1.9 ± 0.6 | ||
| 6 mo | 52.9 ± 0.9 | −1.6 ± 0.4 | 52.5 ± 0.8 | −2.5 ± 0.6 | ||
| 12 mo | 52.9 ± 0.9 | −1.6 ± 0.4 | 52.6 ± 0.9 | −2.4 ± 0.7 | ||
| Waist circumference (cm) | Group5 | 0.27 | ||||
| Time | 0.0002 | |||||
| Baseline | 106.5 ± 1.2 3,4 | — | 106.0 ± 1.84 | — | ||
| 3 mo | 102.8 ± 1.2 | −3.7 ± 0.8 | 102.1 ± 1.5 | −3.9 ± 1.1 | ||
| 6 mo | 104.1 ± 1.3 | −2.4 ± 1.2 | 101.6 ± 1.7 | −4.4 ± 1.3 | ||
| 12 mo | 99.7 ± 1.2 | −6.8 ± 1.1 | 97.8 ± 1.9 | −8.2 ± 1.3 | ||
All values are ¯x ± SEM. RF, reduced-fat intervention; RF + FV, reduced-fat plus increased fruit and vegetable intervention.
Random coefficients analysis was used to model the outcome across the 39 time points with control for baseline values. A significant group × time interaction indicates that the response over time differed between the groups. When all randomly assigned subjects (n = 97) were included in the analysis, the group × week interaction remained significant for body weight (P = 0.021) and BMI (P = 0.024).
Baseline values did not differ significantly between groups (unpaired t test).
Baseline values differed significantly from those at intervention time points according to a mixed model with repeated measures (P ≤ 0.0001). This indicates a within-group effect of time when the group × time interaction was significant, and a main effect of time when there was no significant interaction.
Differences in outcome between groups and over time were determined from a mixed linear model with repeated measures that included all available time points and that was controlled for baseline values. The group × time interaction was not significant.