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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2008 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Jun;85(6):1465–1477. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/85.6.1465

TABLE 3.

Dietary measures in study completers over the course of 1 y1

RF group
(n = 36)		 RF + FV group
(n = 35)		 Difference between groups
Outcome Value Change from
baseline value		 Value Change from
baseline value		 Effect P
Energy intake of food and beverages (kcal/d) Group2 0.71
Time <0.0001
 Baseline 1836 ± 683,4 — 1937 ± 784 —
 1 mo 1430 ± 60 −406 ± 84 1376 ± 47 −562 ± 76
 2 mo 1384 ± 62 −452 ± 87 1336 ± 64 −601 ± 85
 3 mo 1374 ± 62 −462 ± 79 1358 ± 60 −580 ± 81
 6 mo 1266 ± 62 −570 ± 79 1440 ± 60 −498 ± 81
 9 mo 1351 ± 71 −486 ± 89 1388 ± 76 −549 ± 98
 12 mo 1307 ± 62 −525 ± 80 1437 ± 60 −501 ± 81
Food intake (g/d) Group × time2 0.025
 Baseline 975 ± 473 — 1068 ± 49 —
 1 mo 936 ± 435 −39 ± 44 1192 ± 68 124.6 ± 52
 2 mo 894 ± 425 −81 ± 38 1101 ± 72 33.3 ± 62
 3 mo 936 ± 47 −39 ± 48 1117 ± 69 49.0 ± 54
 6 mo 892 ± 515 −83 ± 40 1136 ± 63 68.2 ± 54
 9 mo 869 ± 495 −108 ± 50 1132 ± 63 64.6 ± 54
 12 mo 873 ± 515 −85 ± 41 1073 ± 58 5.3 ± 53
Energy density of food only (kcal/g) Group × time2 0.019
 Baseline 1.85 ± 0.073,4 — 1.74 ± 0.064 —
 1 mo 1.47 ± 0.065 −0.38 ± 0.09 1.17 ± 0.06 −0.57 ± 0.06
 2 mo 1.47 ± 0.065 −0.37 ± 0.09 1.26 ± 0.07 −0.48 ± 0.07
 3 mo 1.41 ± 0.055 −0.43 ± 0.08 1.19 ± 0.05 −0.55 ± 0.05
 6 mo 1.41 ± 0.06 −0.44 ± 0.07 1.25 ± 0.07 −0.49 ± 0.07
 9 mo 1.49 ± 0.055 −0.35 ± 0.07 1.20 ± 0.04 −0.54 ± 0.06
 12 mo 1.49 ± 0.07 −0.36 ± 0.08 1.33 ± 0.04 −0.41 ± 0.06
Fat intake (g/d) Group2 0.50
Time <0.0001
 Baseline 68.9 ± 3.33,4 — 77.4 ± 4.14 —
 1 mo 46.3 ± 3.4 −22.6 ± 5.2 42.6 ± 2.7 −34.8 ± 4.3
 2 mo 43.8 ± 3.1 −25.1 ± 4.7 43.5 ± 3.1 −33.9 ± 4.4
 3 mo 41.5 ± 3.2 −27.5 ± 5.0 42.9 ± 2.6 −34.5 ± 4.5
 6 mo 39.4 ± 2.2 −29.5 ± 3.5 48.8 ± 3.7 −28.6 ± 4.4
 9 mo 42.7 ± 2.8 −26.2 ± 4.1 45.6 ± 3.0 −31.8 ± 4.8
 12 mo 43.7 ± 2.8 −25.5 ± 3.9 47.9 ± 2.8 −29.5 ± 5.1
Fruit and vegetable intake (g/d) Group × time2 0.037
 Baseline 277.1 ± 22.03 — 364.7 ± 27.6 —
 1 mo 345.6 ± 23.75,6 68.5 ± 22.4 502.8 ± 41.76 138.2 ± 38.5
 2 mo 315.5 ± 26.25,6 38.4 ± 27.2 464.0 ± 49.16 99.3 ± 44.8
 3 mo 327.3 ± 27.85,6 50.2 ± 28.6 457.0 ± 34.86 92.4 ± 34.6
 6 mo 286.3 ± 23.15 9.2 ± 26.7 454.8 ± 40.4 90.2 ± 36.1
 9 mo 273.9 ± 22.85 −3.2 ± 22.2 446.2 ± 33.8 81.5 ± 30.4
 12 mo 302.3 ± 25.5 26.8 ± 24.1 416.9 ± 29.3 52.3 ± 32.1
Dietary fiber intake (g/1000 kcal) Group × time2 0.001
 Baseline 8.4 ± 0.63,4 — 9.0 ± 0.54 —
 1 mo 10.4 ± 0.55 2.0 ± 0.7 13.3 ± 0.8 4.3 ± 0.6
 2 mo 10.5 ± 0.55 2.0 ± 0.7 13.3 ± 0.8 4.3 ± 0.8
 3 mo 10.4 ± 0.5 2.0 ± 0.6 12.0 ± 0.6 3.0 ± 0.7
 6 mo 10.9 ± 0.5 2.5 ± 0.6 11.7 ± 0.7 2.7 ± 0.7
 9 mo 10.7 ± 0.6 2.2 ± 0.6 12.1 ± 0.5 3.1 ± 0.5
 12 mo 10.9 ± 0.8 2.4 ± 0.6 12.0 ± 0.7 3.1 ± 0.7
Physical activity (steps/d) Group7 0.50
Time <0.0001
 Baseline 5984 ± 5033,4 — 6731 ± 5854 —
 1 mo 7855 ± 503 1871 ± 584 8788 ± 413 2057 ± 532
 2 mo 8913 ± 382 2929 ± 526 8937 ± 490 2206 ± 681
 3 mo 8845 ± 398 2861 ± 553 9253 ± 528 2522 ± 659
 6 mo 8715 ± 427 2731 ± 609 8812 ± 504 2081 ± 720
 9 mo 8467 ± 498 2483 ± 604 8348 ± 490 1726 ± 698
 12 mo 9210 ± 426 3226 ± 573 9556 ± 453 2758 ± 635
1

All values are ¯x ± SEM. RF, reduced-fat intervention; RF + FV, reduced-fat plus increased fruit and vegetable intervention.

2

Differences in outcome between groups and over time were determined from a mixed linear model with repeated measures that included all available time points and that was controlled for baseline values. Unless indicated, the group × time interaction was not significant.

3

Baseline values did not differ significantly between groups (unpaired t test).

4

Baseline values differed significantly from those at all intervention time points (P ≤ 0.0001), as indicated by the main effect of time in a mixed model with repeated measures.

5

Time points at which values differed significantly between the groups with a significant group × time interaction.

6

Values at indicated time points differed significantly from those at baseline (P ≤ 0.0005), as indicated by the main effect of time in a mixed model with repeated measures.

7

Random coefficients analysis was used to model the outcome across the 39 time points with control for baseline values. The group × time interaction was not significant.