TABLE 4.
Insulin, lipid, and blood pressure measures in study completers over the course of 1 y1
| RF group
(n = 36) |
RF + FV group
(n = 35) |
Difference between groups | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome | Value | Change from
baseline value |
Value | Change from
baseline value |
Effect | P |
| Insulin (μU/mL) | Group × time2 | 0.016 | ||||
| Baseline | 20.3 ± 1.03 | 20.9 ± 1.2 | ||||
| 3 mo | 17.6 ± 1.04,5 | −2.7 ± 0.8 | 15.9 ± 0.84 | −5.1 ± 0.8 | ||
| 6 mo | 17.8 ± 0.94 | −2.6 ± 0.9 | 18.6 ± 1.24 | −2.4 ± 0.9 | ||
| 12 mo | 17.7 ± 1.34 | −2.8 ± 1.1 | 17.4 ± 1.04 | −3.6 ± 1.1 | ||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | Group2 | 0.055 | ||||
| Time | 0.024 | |||||
| Baseline | 201.7 ± 5.63 | 197.0 ± 5.1 | ||||
| 3 mo | 203.1 ± 6.8 | +3.3 ± 4.2 | 187.2 ± 6.0 | −9.8 ± 4.2 | ||
| 6 mo | 196.2 ± 6.14 | −4.1 ± 3.8 | 187.0 ± 5.54 | −10.0 ± 3.8 | ||
| 12 mo | 206.9 ± 6.8 | +5.5 ± 4.6 | 194.2 ± 6.9 | −3.8 ± 4.7 | ||
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | Group2 | 0.12 | ||||
| Time | 0.16 | |||||
| Baseline | 119.7 ± 4.43 | 122.1 ± 4.4 | ||||
| 3 mo | 117.0 ± 4.8 | −0.2 ± 4.0 | 116.5 ± 5.2 | −5.6 ± 3.9 | ||
| 6 mo | 117.2 ± 5.3 | −0.7 ± 3.4 | 116.1 ± 4.6 | −6.0 ± 3.3 | ||
| 12 mo | 127.7 ± 5.7 | +7.4 ± 4.0 | 119.2 ± 5.4 | −4.2 ± 3.9 | ||
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | Group2 | 0.09 | ||||
| Time | 0.004 | |||||
| Baseline | 52.7 ± 2.63 | 47.1 ± 1.7 | ||||
| 3 mo | 49.5 ± 2.24 | −3.3 ± 1.4 | 46.0 ± 1.84 | −1.1 ± 0.7 | ||
| 6 mo | 52.6 ± 2.3 | −0.3 ± 1.3 | 48.8 ± 1.7 | +1.7 ± 0.8 | ||
| 12 mo | 54.1 ± 2.84 | +1.3 ± 1.3 | 51.1 ± 2.24 | +3.6 ± 0.9 | ||
| Non-HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | Group × time2 | 0.043 | ||||
| Baseline | 149.0 ± 5.23 | 149.9 ± 5.5 | ||||
| 3 mo | 153.6 ± 6.75 | 6.6 ± 4.0 | 141.2 ± 5.9 | −8.7 ± 4.8 | ||
| 6 mo | 143.6 ± 5.94 | −3.7 ± 3.6 | 138.2 ± 5.54 | −11.7 ± 3.8 | ||
| 12 mo | 152.8 ± 6.25 | 3.8 ± 5.0 | 143.1 ± 6.9 | −7.8 ± 4.3 | ||
| HDL:total cholesterol | Group2 | 0.044 | ||||
| Time | 0.022 | |||||
| Baseline | 4.1 ± 0.23 | 4.4 ± 0.2 | ||||
| 3 mo | 4.4 ± 0.2 | +0.4 ± 0.1 | 4.2 ± 0.2 | −0.1 ± 0.2 | ||
| 6 mo | 3.9 ± 0.24 | −0.1 ± 0.1 | 4.0 ± 0.24 | −0.4 ± 0.1 | ||
| 12 mo | 4.1 ± 0.2 | −0.01 ± 0.1 | 4.0 ± 0.2 | −0.4 ± 0.1 | ||
| Triacylglycerols (mg/dL) | Group × time2 | 0.017 | ||||
| Baseline | 149.1 ± 13.43 | 139.1 ± 11.2 | ||||
| 3 mo | 184.0 ± 22.34,5 | +38.3 ± 12.1 | 123.9 ± 7.9 | −15.1 ± 12.1 | ||
| 6 mo | 140.6 ± 15.95 | −6.1 ± 9.5 | 111.2 ± 7.94 | −27.9 ± 9.5 | ||
| 12 mo | 135.8 ± 14.0 | −13.3 ± 11.7 | 119.6 ± 12.0 | −17.0 ± 11.8 | ||
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | Group6 | 0.85 | ||||
| Time | 0.004 | |||||
| Baseline | 119.9 ± 1.73 | 120.2 ± 1.7 | ||||
| 3 mo | 108.6 ± 1.94 | −11.3 ± 1.6 | 110.1 ± 2.04 | −10.1 ± 1.3 | ||
| 6 mo | 112.5 ± 2.04 | −7.4 ± 1.7 | 113.6 ± 2.04 | −6.4 ± 1.6 | ||
| 12 mo | 112.8 ± 2.04 | −7.0 ± 1.8 | 113.6 ± 2.14 | −6.6 ± 1.4 | ||
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | Group6 | 0.96 | ||||
| Time | <0.0001 | |||||
| Baseline | 78.4 ± 1.13 | 79.3 ± 1.0 | ||||
| 3 mo | 71.5 ± 1.14 | −6.9 ± 1.1 | 72.3 ± 1.24 | −7.0 ± 1.1 | ||
| 6 mo | 72.4 ± 1.54 | −5.9 ± 1.3 | 73.5 ± 1.24 | −5.6 ± 1.0 | ||
| 12 mo | 70.3 ± 1.54 | −8.0 ± 1.3 | 72.7 ± 1.44 | −6.6 ± 1.3 | ||
All values are ¯x ± SEM. RF, reduced-fat intervention; RF + FV, reduced-fat plus increased fruit and vegetable intervention.
Differences in outcome between groups and over time were determined from a mixed linear model with repeated measures that included all available time points and that was controlled for baseline values. Unless indicated, the group × time interaction was not significant.
Baseline values did not differ significantly between groups (unpaired t test).
Values at indicated time points differed significantly from those at baseline (P ≤ 0.001), as indicated by the main effect of time in a mixed model with repeated measures.
Time points at which values differed significantly between the groups with a significant group × time interaction.
Random coefficients analysis was used to model the outcome across the 39 time points with control for baseline values. The group × time interaction was not significant.