Table 1.

Frequencies of each behavior and the number of animals exhibiting each behavior

Behavioral category	Testing conditions
	Experiment 1 (n=105)		Experiment 2 (n64)
	Tool	No-tool	Toward	Away
Gesture
No. of occurrences	129	43	124	42
No. of chimpanzees	55	24	35	15
Vocalization
No. of occurrences	139	54	113	64
No. of chimpanzees	55	33	31	22
Display
No. of occurrences	27	7	0	6
No. of chimpanzees	17	5	0	5
Cage bang
No. of occurrences	45	24	60	58
No. of chimpanzees	17	14	15	15
Spit
No. of occurrences	13	9	10	7
No. of chimpanzees	8	5	4	3
Throw
No. of occurrences	12	9	7	3
No. of chimpanzees	7	6	4	1
Clap
No. of occurrences	4	1	7	4
No. of chimpanzees	3	1	2	2
Rump present
No. of occurrences	1	1	4	0
No. of chimpanzees	1	1	2	0
Barter
No. of occurrences	3	2	4	1
No. of chimpanzees	3	2	4	1