Table 4.
Association of exercise/sports with socio-demographic and behavioral factors, health status, and energy intake, SWHS, 1997–2000
| Sports/exercise | ||||
| Fully adjusted* | ||||
|
No (n, %) (n = 48,330) |
Yes (n, %) (n = 26,612) |
OR | 99% CI | |
| I. Socio-demographics | ||||
| Age | ||||
| 40–44 | 17,105 (35.4) | 3,813 (14.3) | 1.00 | Referent |
| 45–49 | 11,399 (23.6) | 4,050 (15.2) | 1.40 | 1.33, 1.48 |
| 50–54 | 6,558 (13.6) | 3,985 (15.0) | 1.73 | 1.62, 1.85 |
| 55–59 | 3,958 (8.2) | 3,670 (13.8) | 2.11 | 1.94, 2.30 |
| 60–64 | 4,562 (9.4) | 5,163 (19.4) | 2.55 | 2.34, 2.78 |
| 65–70 | 4,748 (9.8) | 5,931 (22.3) | 2.82 | 2.57, 3.09 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
| <24 | 26,700 (55.3) | 13,083 (49.2) | 1.00 | Referent |
| 24–27.9 | 16,125 (33.4) | 9,783 (36.8) | 1.00 | 0.96, 1.03 |
| ≥28 | 5,457 (11.3) | 3,733 (14.0) | 0.94 | 0.89, 0.99 |
| Menopausal status | ||||
| Premenopausal | 29,263 (60.6) | 8,507 (32.0) | 1.00 | Referent |
| Postmenopausal | 19,057 (39.4) | 18,099 (68.0) | 1.25 | 1.18, 1.32 |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | 43,621 (90.3) | 22,878 (86.0) | 1.00 | Referent |
| Widowed | 2,799 (5.8) | 2,801 (10.5) | 1.02 | 0.95, 1.08 |
| Separated/Divorced | 1,445 (3.0) | 740 (2.8) | 1.02 | 0.93, 1.13 |
| Never married | 465 (1.0) | 193 (0.7) | 0.82 | 0.68, 0.98 |
| Education | ||||
| None/Elementary | 8,321 (17.2) | 7,862 (29.6) | 1.00 | Referent |
| Middle school | 19,928 (41.2) | 7,755 (29.1) | 1.05 | 0.99, 1.11 |
| High school | 14,029 (29.0) | 6,861 (25.8) | 1.28 | 1.20, 1.36 |
| College and above | 6,042 (12.5) | 4,131 (15.5) | 1.44 | 1.33, 1.55 |
| Occupation† | ||||
| Manual workers | 24,469 (50.8) | 13,309 (50.2) | 1.00 | Referent |
| Clerical | 10,529 (21.9) | 4,964 (18.7) | 1.01 | 0.97, 1.06 |
| Professional | 13,133 (27.3) | 8,256 (31.1) | 1.06 | 1.01, 1.11 |
| Employment status | ||||
| Employed | 29,126 (60.3) | 9,173 (34.5) | 1.00 | Referent |
| Not employed | 19,204 (39.7) | 17,439 (65.5) | 1.87 | 1.79, 1.95 |
| Family income | ||||
| Low | 13,038 (27.0) | 7,773 (29.2) | 1.00 | Referent |
| Middle | 18,870 (39.1) | 10,263 (38.6) | 1.12 | 1.07, 1.17 |
| High | 16,409 (34.0) | 8,573 (32.2) | 1.28 | 1.22, 1.34 |
| Family size | ||||
| ≥3 | 41,513 (85.9) | 19,657 (73.9) | 1.00 | Referent |
| 2 | 6,060 (12.5) | 6,031 (22.7) | 1.28 | 122, 1.34 |
| 1 | 757 (1.6) | 924 (3.5) | 1.59 | 1.41, 1.78 |
| Chronic disease‡ | ||||
| No | 32,232 (66.7) | 13,685 (51.4) | 1.00 | Referent |
| Yes | 16,098 (33.3) | 12,927 (48.6) | 1.20 | 1.16, 1.24 |
| II. Behavioral factors | ||||
| Regular cigarette smoking | ||||
| Never | 47,029 (97.3) | 25,800 (97.0) | 1.00 | Referent |
| Ever§| | 1,301 (2.7) | 812 (3.1) | 0.75 | 0.68, 0.83 |
| Regular alcohol consumption | ||||
| Never | 47,356 (98.0) | 25,908 (97.4) | 1.00 | Referent |
| Ever| | 974 (2.0) | 704 (2.7) | 1.26 | 1.13, 1.40 |
| Regular tea consumption | ||||
| Never | 33,944 (70.2) | 18,669 (70.2) | 1.00 | Referent |
| Ever¶ | 14,386 (29.8) | 7,943 (29.9) | 1.15 | 1.11, 1.19 |
| Regular ginseng intake | ||||
| Never | 36,491 (75.5) | 16,237 (61.0) | 1.00 | Referent |
| Ever** | 11,839 (24.5) | 10,375 (39.0) | 1.50 | 1.45, 1.55 |
| TV (hours/day) | ||||
| ≤ 2 | 14,274 (29.5) | 7,856 (29.5) | 1.00 | Referent |
| 3–4 | 23,473 (48.6) | 13,060 (49.1) | 1.00 | 0.96, 1.04 |
| >4 | 10,582 (21.9) | 5,693 (21.4) | 0.93 | 0.89, 0.97 |
| Median (25th, 75th percentile) | ||||
| III. Total dietary energy intake (1,000 kcal/day) | 1,636 (1,404.8, 1,904.1) | 1,652 (1,421.5, 1,916.8) | 1.21 | 1.17, 1.26 |
* Adjusted for all variables presented in the table; OR: odds ratio, CI: confidence interval
† Longest job
‡ Chronic disease includes: coronary heart disease, hypertension, stroke, chronic bronchitis, asthma, tuberculosis, chronic hepatitis, chronic pancreatitis, diabetes mellitus and cancer
§ Had smoked at least one cigarette per day for more than 6 months continuously
||Had consumed alcohol at least 3 times per week for more than 6 months continuously
¶ Had consumed tea at least 3 times per week for more than 6 months continuously
**Had consumed ginseng at least 5 times per year during the past 3 years