Table 5.
Associations of non-exercise domains with socio-demographic and behavioral factors, health status, and energy intake, SWHS, 1997–2000
| Fully adjusted OR and 99% CI* | ||||||
| Transportation† | Daily activity‡ | Housework | ||||
| I. Socio-demographic | ||||||
| Age | ||||||
| 40–44 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| 45–49 | 0.95 | 0.91, 1.00 | 0.93 | 0.89, 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.96, 1.05 |
| 50–54 | 0.90 | 0.84, 0.97 | 1.05 | 0.99, 1.12 | 1.21 | 1.14, 1.29 |
| 55–59 | 0.90 | 0.80, 1.01 | 1.11 | 1.01, 1.21 | 1.35 | 1.24, 1.46 |
| 60–64 | 0.80 | 0.69, 0.92 | 1.07 | 0.98, 1.16 | 1.35 | 1.23, 1.47 |
| 65–70 | 0.55 | 0.45, 0.67 | 1.02 | 0.93, 1.11 | 1.16 | 1.06, 1.26 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
| <24 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| 24–27.9 | 1.08 | 1.04, 1.14 | 1.06 | 1.03, 1.10 | 1.05 | 1.02, 1.09 |
| ≥28 | 0.99 | 0.91, 1.07 | 1.07 | 1.01, 1.12 | 1.01 | 0.96, 1.06 |
| Menopausal status | ||||||
| Premenopausal | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| Postmenopausal | 1.00 | 0.93, 1.07 | 1.02 | 0.96, 1.08 | 0.98 | 0.92, 1.04 |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| Widowed | 1.26 | 1.10, 1.43 | 1.05 | 0.98, 1.12 | 0.87 | 0.82, 0.93 |
| Separated/Divorced | 1.14 | 1.01, 1.30 | 0.98 | 0.89, 1.08 | 0.91 | 0.82, 1.00 |
| Never married | 0.82 | 0.66, 1.03 | 0.70 | 0.58, 0.83 | 0.60 | 0.50, 0.72 |
| Education | ||||||
| None/Elementary | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| Middle school | 0.63 | 0.56, 0.71 | 0.93 | 0.88, 0.98 | 1.21 | 1.15, 1.28 |
| High school | 0.48 | 0.43, 0.54 | 0.75 | 0.71, 0.80 | 0.96 | 0.90, 1.02 |
| College and above | 0.35 | 0.31, 0.40 | 0.53 | 0.49, 0.57 | 0.65 | 0.61, 0.70 |
| Occupation§ | ||||||
| Manual workers | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| Clerical | 1.13 | 1.08, 1.20 | 0.97 | 0.93, 1.01 | 0.91 | 0.87, 0.94 |
| Professional | 0.78 | 0.73, 0.82 | 0.79 | 0.75, 0.83 | 0.76 | 0.72, 0.79 |
| Employment status | ||||||
| Employed | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | ||
| Not employed | 3.21 | 3.09, 3.34 | 2.97 | 2.86, 3.09 | ||
| Family income | ||||||
| Low | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| Middle | 0.90 | 0.85, 0.95 | 0.94 | 0.90, 0.98 | 1.01 | 0.97, 1.05 |
| High | 0.75 | 0.71, 0.80 | 0.79 | 0.76, 0.83 | 0.93 | 0.89, 0.97 |
| Family size | ||||||
| ≥3 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| 2 | 0.88 | 0.81, 0.96 | 0.82 | 0.78, 0.86 | 0.58 | 0.56, 0.61 |
| 1 | 0.73 | 0.59, 0.91 | 0.67 | 0.60, 0.76 | 0.26 | 0.23, 0.30 |
| Chronic disease|| | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| Yes | 0.92 | 0.87, 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.93, 0.99 | 0.90 | 0.87, 0.93 |
| II. Behavioral factors | ||||||
| Regular cigarette smoking | ||||||
| Never | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| Ever¶ | 1.05 | 0.87, 1.26 | 0.87 | 0.79, 0.96 | 0.83 | 0.75, 0.91 |
| Regular alcohol consumption | ||||||
| Never | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| Ever** | 1.03 | 0.89, 1.19 | 0.99 | 0.89, 1.10 | 0.90 | 0.81, 1.00 |
| Regular tea consumption | ||||||
| Never | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| Ever†† | 0.94 | 0.90, 0.98 | 0.96 | 0.93, 1.00 | 0.92 | 0.89, 0.95 |
| Regular ginseng intake | ||||||
| Never | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| Ever‡‡ | 0.96 | 0.92, 1.01 | 0.95 | 0.91, 0.98 | 0.90 | 0.87, 0.93 |
| TV (hours/day) | ||||||
| ≤ 2 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| 3–4 | 0.98 | 0.93, 1.02 | 1.04 | 1.00, 1.07 | 1.07 | 1.03, 1.11 |
| >4 | 1.02 | 0.96, 1.09 | 1.09 | 1.04, 1.14 | 1.11 | 1.06, 1.16 |
| III. Total dietary energy intake (1,000 kcal/day) | 1.31 | 1.25, 1.38 | 1.38 | 1.33, 1.50 | 1.28 | 1.23, 1.33 |
* Adjusted for all variables presented in the table; OR: odds ratio, CI: confidence interval
† Transportation to/from work; analyses conducted only among those employed at the time of interview
‡ Includes walking and cycling for daily errands (e.g. for shopping, etc)
§Longest job
||Chronic disease includes: coronary heart disease, hypertension, stroke, chronic bronchitis, asthma, tuberculosis, chronic hepatitis, chronic pancreatitis, diabetes mellitus, and cancer
¶ Had smoked at least one cigarette per day for more than 6 months continuously
**Had consumed alcohol at least 3 times per week for more than 6 months continuously
††Had consumed tea at least 3 times per week for more than 6 months continuously
‡‡Had consumed ginseng at least 5 times per year during the past 3 years