Table 1.
Distribution and scoring of the DASH Diet Index, IWHS, 1986
| DASH Guideline or index item IWHS Category | Score$ | Distribution in IWHS
|
|
|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | ||
| Total grain intake† | |||
| ≥ 7 servings/day | 1 | 1,226 | 6 |
| 5–6 servings/day | 0.5 | 3,023 | 14 |
| < 5 servings/day | 0 | 16,744 | 80 |
| Whole grain intake‡ | |||
| ≥ 2 servings/day | 1 | 6,678 | 32 |
| 1 serving/day | 0.5 | 7,348 | 35 |
| < 1 serving/day | 0 | 6,967 | 33 |
| Vegetables§ | |||
| ≥ 4 servings/day | 1 | 6,738 | 32 |
| 2–3 servings/day | 0.5 | 10,426 | 50 |
| < 2 servings/day | 0 | 3,829 | 18 |
| Fruits|| | |||
| ≥ 4 servings/day | 1 | 2,890 | 14 |
| 2–3 servings/day | 0.5 | 10,093 | 48 |
| < 2 servings/day | 0 | 8,010 | 38 |
| Dairy foods¶ | |||
| ≥ 2 servings/day | 1 | 9,171 | 44 |
| 1 serving/day | 0.5 | 7,507 | 36 |
| < 1 serving/day | 0 | 4,315 | 21 |
| Meats, poultry, and fish# | |||
| ≤ 2 servings/day | 1 | 13,159 | 63 |
| 3 servings/day | 0.5 | 7,175 | 34 |
| ≥ 4 servings/day | 0 | 659 | 3 |
| Nuts, seeds, and dry beans** | |||
| ≥ 4 servings/week | 1 | 5,573 | 27 |
| 2–3 servings/week | 0.5 | 4,751 | 23 |
| < 2 servings/week | 0 | 10,489 | 50 |
| % kcal from fat | |||
| ≤ 30% | 1 | 4,712 | 22 |
| 31–32% | 0.5 | 4,016 | 19 |
| ≥ 33% | 0 | 12,265 | 58 |
| % kcal from saturated fatty acids | |||
| ≤ 10 % | 1 | 4,398 | 21 |
| 11–12 % | 0.5 | 10,228 | 49 |
| ≥ 13% | 0 | 6,367 | 30 |
| Sweets†† | |||
| ≤ 5 servings/week | 1 | 5,455 | 26 |
| 6–7 servings/week | 0.5 | 2,934 | 14 |
| ≥ 8 servings/week | 0 | 12,604 | 60 |
| Sodium | |||
| ≤ 1,500 mg/day | 1 | 3,882 | 18 |
| 1,501–2,400 mg/day | 0.5 | 9,946 | 47 |
| > 2,401 mg/day | 0 | 7,165 | 34 |
A score was assigned for each dietary category and summed across the 11 categories to give the total DASH Diet index Score.
Total grains: cold breakfast cereals; cooked oatmeal; other cooked breakfast cereals; white bread including pita bread; dark bread; English muffins; muffins or biscuits; white rice; brown rice; pasta or noodles; pancakes or waffles; crackers; pizza; ricecakes*; grits*; other grains (bulgar, kasha, cous cous, etc.); popcorn; bran added to foods; wheat germ; granola bars*; corn bread*.
Whole grains: whole grain cold breakfast cereals; cooked oatmeal; dark bread; brown rice; other grains (bulgar, kasha, cous cous, etc.); popcorn; bran added to foods; wheat germ; granola bars*; corn bread*.
Vegetables: tomatoes; tomato juice; tomato sauce; red chili sauce or salsa; string beans; broccoli; cabbage or cole slaw; cauliflower; Brussels sprouts carrots; corn; peas or lima beans; mixed vegetables; yellow (winter) squash; eggplant, zucchini, or other summer squash; yams or sweet potatoes; spinach cooked or raw; kale, mustard or chard greens; iceberg or head lettuce; romaine or leaf lettuce; celery; mushrooms fresh, cooked or canned; beets; alfalfa sprouts; green or chili peppers; french fried potatoes; potatoes baked, boiled, or mashed; green bell peppers*: V8 juice*; asparagus*; carrot juice*; parsnips*; radishes*; rhubarb*; turnips*; dill cucumbers*; sweet cucumbers*; sauerkraut*; rutabaga*; tomato soup*; parsley*; peapods*; artichokes*; leeks*; okra*; chicory*; scallions*; waterchestnuts*; endive*; escarole*; daikon root radish*; chili pepper*; oriental vegetables*; kohlrabi*; celery juice*; Jerusalem artichoke*, watercress*.
Fruits: raisins or grapes; prunes; bananas; cantaloupe melon; watermelon; fresh apples or pears; apple juice or cider; oranges; orange juice; grapefruit; grapefruit juice; strawberries fresh, frozen or canned; blueberries fresh, frozen or canned; peaches, apricots or plums fresh or canned; nectarines*; dried apricots*; dried peaches*; dried nectarines*; apricot juice*; pineapple fresh*; pineapple canned*; dried pineapple*; pineapple juice*; cherries canned*; cherries fresh*; dates*; figs*; fruit cocktail*; mixed dried fruit*; dried apples*; papayas*; dried papayas*; papaya juice*; kiwi fruit*; blackberries canned*; blackberries fresh*; quince*; limes*; dried currants*; currants fresh*; tangerines*; plantains*; guavas*; lemons*; Crenshaw melon*; pomegranate*; raspberries canned*; raspberries fresh*; mangos*; mango juice*; cranberry sauce*; persimmons; dried bananas*; prune juice*.
Total dairy: skim or low-fat milk; whole milk; cream e.g coffee or whipped; ice milk; ice cream; cottage or ricotta cheese; other cheese e.g. American, cheddar, plain or as part of a dish; yogurt; cheese sauce*; cream sauce*; cream cheese*.
Total meats: eggs; chicken or turkey with skin; chicken or turkey without skin; bacon; hotdogs; processed meats e.g. sausage, salami, bologna; liver; hamburger; beef, pork, or lamb as a sandwich or mixed dish; beef, pork, or lamb as a main dish; canned tuna fish; dark meat fish e.g. mackerel, salmon, sardines, bluefish, swordfish; other fish; shrimp, lobster, scallops as a main dish; venison*; oysters*.
Nuts, seeds and dry beans: peanut butter; nuts; tofu; beans or lentils baked or dried; sunflower seeds*; lentil soup*; tempeh*; hummus*; mung beans*; fava beans*.
Sweets: chocolate bars or pieces; candy bars; candy without chocolate; cookies home baked; cookies ready made; brownies; doughnuts; cakes home baked; cakes ready made; sweet rolls, coffee cake or other pastry home baked; sweet rolls, coffee cake or other pastry ready made; pie homemade; pie ready made; jams, jellies, preserves, syrup or honey; sugar sweetened caffeinated colas; sugar sweetened caffeine free colas; other sugar sweetened carbonated drinks; Hawaiian punch, lemonade or other non-carbonated fruit drinks; custard*; jello*; tapioca*.
Items not asked in the questionnaire’s food list but added by participants who reported they ate the item.