Effect of SFRP-1 on osteoclastogenesis in rat bone marrow cell cultures. The bone marrow mononuclear cells were cultured in the presence of various combinations of CSF-1, RANKL and SFRP-1. TRAP staining was performed and the TRAP-positive cells per well were counted. (Fig. 4A), no osteoclasts (TRAP+ multinucleated cells) are formed in cultures with CSF-1 only; (4B), larger osteoclasts are formed in culture with CSF-1 and RANKL; (4C, D and E), in the presence of CSF1 and RANKL, addition of 100 ng/ml (C), 500 ng/ml (D) and 1000 ng/ml (E) SFRP-1 to the cultures respectively resulted in smaller and fewer osteoclasts with a maximal reduction in numbers using 1000 ng/ml of SFRP-1; (4F), in the presence CSF-1, RANKL and 500 ng/ml SFRP-1, addition of another 50 ng/ml RANKL restored the osteoclast size and numbers. Scale bar: 50 μm.