Table 1.

All 11 cases of long-term visual memory loss found in the literature

Reference	Etiology	Damage	Amnesia	RA > AA	Gradient
Brown and Chobor (37)	CHI	Bil. occ., R. front.	Yes	Yes	No
O’Connor et al. (39)	Encephalitis	R. occ., par., front., MT, IT, AT	Yes	Yes	No
Ogden (26)	CHI	Bil. occ.	Yes	Yes	No
Trojano and Grossi (43)	CHI	Bil. occ., front, temp, MT, ∼IT	Yes	Yes	No
Ratcliff and Newcombe (40)	Encephalitis or CVA	Bil. occ., par., MT, IT	Yes	Yes	?
Albert et al. (35)	CVA	Bil. occ.	Yes	No	Yes
Gomori and Hawryluk (38)	Cyst	Bil. occ., IT	Yes	No	Yes
Beyn and Knyazeva (36)	CVA	?	Yes	?	?
Shuttleworth et al. (41), case 2	CHI	Bil. occ., MT	Yes	?	?
Taylor and Warrington (42)	Atrophy	Bil. occ., ∼IT	Yes	?	?
Wapner et al. (44)	CVA	L. occ., temp., MT	Yes	?	?

The 11 cases listed met the three criteria for visual memory deficit. The five cases with RA > AA are listed first. CHI, closed-head injury; CVA, cerebrovascular accident; occ., occipital; par, parietal; front, frontal; temp, temporal; MT, possible medial temporal damage; IT, inferotemporal damage; AT, anterior temporal damage; RA > AA, is the retrograde amnesia reported as more severe than the anterograde amnesia; gradient, is there a temporal gradient; ?, case study provides no information; ∼, deficit is marginal or report is equivocal.