Skip to main content
The American Journal of Pathology logoLink to The American Journal of Pathology
. 1977 Jul;88(1):213–250.

The C cells (parafollicular cells) of the thyroid gland and medullary thyroid carcinoma. A review.

J B Hazard
PMCID: PMC2032150  PMID: 18012

Full text

PDF
218

Images in this article

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Aliapoulios M. A., Voelkel E. F., Munson P. L. Assay of human thyroid glands for thyrocalcitonin activity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1966 Aug;26(8):897–901. doi: 10.1210/jcem-26-8-897. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. BALLARD H. S., FAME B., HARTSOCK R. J. FAMILIAL MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE ADENOMA-PEPTIC ULCER COMPLEX. Medicine (Baltimore) 1964 Jul;43:481–516. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. BRANDENBURG W. Metastasierender Amyloidkropf. Zentralbl Allg Pathol. 1954 Mar 22;91(9-11):422–428. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Barrett R. J., Bell N. H. Partial purification of porcine and human thyrocalcitonin. Endocrinology. 1969 Mar;84(3):647–651. doi: 10.1210/endo-84-3-647. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Barrowman J. A., Bennett A., Hillenbrand P., Rolles K., Pollock D. J., Wright J. T. Diarrhoeae in thyroid medullary carcinoma: role of prostaglandins and therapeutic effect of nutmeg. Br Med J. 1975 Jul 5;3(5974):11–12. doi: 10.1136/bmj.3.5974.11. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bauer W. C., Teitelbaum S. L. Thyrocalcitonin activity of particulate fractions of the thyroid gland. Lab Invest. 1966 Jan;15(1 Pt 2):323–329. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Baum J. L. Abnormal intradermal histamine reaction in the syndrome of pheochromocytoma, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland and multiple mucosal neuromas. N Engl J Med. 1971 Apr 29;284(17):963–964. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197104292841709. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Baylin S. B., Beaven M. A., Buja L. M., Keiser H. R. Histaminase activity: a biochemical marker for medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Am J Med. 1972 Dec;53(6):723–733. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(72)90189-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Baylin S. B., Beaven M. A., Engelman K., Sjoerdsma A. Elevated histaminase activity in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. N Engl J Med. 1970 Dec 3;283(23):1239–1244. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197012032832301. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Bennett A., Fleshler B. Prostaglandins and the gastrointestinal tract. Gastroenterology. 1970 Nov;59(5):790–800. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Bernier J. J., Rambaud J. C., Cattan D., Prost A. Diarrhoea associated with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Gut. 1969 Dec;10(12):980–985. doi: 10.1136/gut.10.12.980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Beskid M., Lorenc R., Rościszewska A. C-cell thyroid adenoma in man. J Pathol. 1971 Jan;103(1):1–4. doi: 10.1002/path.1711030102. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Block M. A., Horn R. C., Jr, Miller J. M., Barrett J. L., Brush B. E. Familial medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Ann Surg. 1967 Sep;166(3):403–412. doi: 10.1097/00000658-196709000-00008. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Block M. A., Miller J. M., Horn R. C., Jr Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Surgical implications. Arch Surg. 1968 Apr;96(4):521–526. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.1968.01330220037007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Braunstein H., Stephens C. L., Gibson R. L. Secretory granules in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Electron microscopic demonstration. Arch Pathol. 1968 Mar;85(3):306–313. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Braunstein H., Stephens C. L. Parafollicular cells of human thyroid. Arch Pathol. 1968 Dec;86(6):659–666. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Bussolati G., Foster G. V., Clark M. B., Pearse A. G. Immunofluorescent localisation of calcitonin in medullary C-cell thyroid carcinoma, using antibody to the pure porcine hormone. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol. 1969;2(3):234–238. doi: 10.1007/BF02889587. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Bussolati G., Pearse A. G. Immunofluorescent localization of calcitonin in the 'C' cells of pig and dog thyroid. J Endocrinol. 1967 Feb;37(2):205–209. doi: 10.1677/joe.0.0370205. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. COPP D. H., CAMERON E. C., CHENEY B. A., DAVIDSON A. G., HENZE K. G. Evidence for calcitonin--a new hormone from the parathyroid that lowers blood calcium. Endocrinology. 1962 May;70:638–649. doi: 10.1210/endo-70-5-638. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. CUSHMAN P., Jr Familial endocrine tumors; report of two unrelated kindred affected with pheochromocytomas, one also with multiple thyroid carcinomas. Am J Med. 1962 Mar;32:352–360. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(62)90126-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Capen C. C., Young D. M. Fine structural alterations in thyroid parafollicular cells of cows in response to experimental hypercalcemia induced by vitamin D. Am J Pathol. 1969 Nov;57(2):365–382. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Carney J. A., Sizemore G. W., Sheps S. G. Adrenal medullary disease in multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2: pheochromocytoma and its precursors. Am J Clin Pathol. 1976 Aug;66(2):279–290. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/66.2.279. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Catalona W. J., Engelman K., Ketcham A. S., Hammond W. G. Familial medullary thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, and parathyroid adenoma (Sipple's syndrome). Study of a kindred. Cancer. 1971 Nov;28(5):1245–1254. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(1971)28:5<1245::aid-cncr2820280523>3.0.co;2-e. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Chong G. C., Beahrs O. H., Sizemore G. W., Woolner L. H. Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Cancer. 1975 Mar;35(3):695–704. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(197503)35:3<695::aid-cncr2820350323>3.0.co;2-w. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Cohen S. L., MacIntyre I., Grahame-Smith D., Walker J. G. Alcohol-stimulated calcitonin release in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Lancet. 1973 Nov 24;2(7839):1172–1173. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(73)92939-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Coombes R. C., Hillyard C., Greenberg P. B., MacIntyre I. Plasma-immunoreactive-calcitonin in patients with non-thyroid tumours. Lancet. 1974 Jun 1;1(7866):1080–1083. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(74)90557-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Cooper C. W., Schwesinger W. H., Mahgoub A. M., Ontjes D. A. Thyrocalcitonin: stimulation of secretion by pentagastrin. Science. 1971 Jun 18;172(3989):1238–1240. doi: 10.1126/science.172.3989.1238. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Cunliffe W. J., Hudgson P., Fulthorpe J. J., Black M. M., Hall R., Johnston I. D., Shuster S. A calcitonin-secreting medullary thyroid carcinoma associated with mucosal neuromas, marfanoid features, myopathy and pigmentation. Am J Med. 1970 Jan;48(1):120–126. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(70)90106-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. DeLellis R. A., Balogh K. Histochemical characteristics of parafollicular cells and medullary thyroid carcinoma. Am J Pathol. 1973 Jul;72(1):119–128. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. DeLellis R. A., Wolfe H. J., Gagel R. F., Feldman Z. T., Miller H. H., Gang D. L., Reichlin S. Adrenal medullary hyperplasia. A morphometric analysis in patients with familial medullary thyroid carcinoma. Am J Pathol. 1976 Apr;83(1):177–196. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Deftos L. J. Radioimmunoassay for calcitonin in medullary thyroid carcinoma. JAMA. 1974 Jan 28;227(4):403–406. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Donahower G. F., Schumacher O. P., Hazard J. B. Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid--a cause of Cushing's syndrome: report of two cases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1968 Aug;28(8):1199–1204. doi: 10.1210/jcem-28-8-1199. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Dymling J. F., Ljungberg O., Hillyard C. J., Greenberg P. B., Evans I. M., MacIntyre I. Whisky: a new provacative test for calcitonin secretion. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1976 Jul;82(3):500–509. doi: 10.1530/acta.0.0820500. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Englund N. E., Nilsson G., Owman C., Sundler F. Human thyroid C cells: occurrence and amine formation studied by perfusion of surgically removed goitrous glands. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1972 Jul;35(1):90–96. doi: 10.1210/jcem-35-1-90. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. FOSTER G. V., MACINTYRE I., PEARSE A. G. CALCITONIN PRODUCTION AND THE MITOCHONDRION-RICH CELLS OF THE DOG THYROID. Nature. 1964 Sep 5;203:1029–1030. doi: 10.1038/2031029a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. FRIEDELL G. H., CAREY R. J., ROSEN H. Familial thyroid cancer. Cancer. 1962 Mar-Apr;15:241–245. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(196203/04)15:2<241::aid-cncr2820150205>3.0.co;2-n. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Fawell W. N., Thompson G. Nutmeg for diarrhea of medullary carcinoma of thyroid. N Engl J Med. 1973 Jul 12;289(2):108–109. doi: 10.1056/nejm197307122890225. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Fletcher J. R. Medullary (solid) carcinoma of the thyroid gland. A review of 249 cases. Arch Surg. 1970 Mar;100(3):257–262. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.1970.01340210033010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Gonzalez-Licea A., Hartmann W. H., Yardley J. H. Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Ultrastructural evidence of its origin from the parafollicular cell and its possible relation to carcinoid tumors. Am J Clin Pathol. 1968 Apr;49(4):512–520. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/49.4.512. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Gorlin R. J., Sedano H. O., Vickers R. A., Cervenka J. Multiple mucosal neuromas, pheochromocytoma and medullary carcinoma of the thyroid--a syndrome. Cancer. 1968 Aug;22(2):293–passim. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(196808)22:2<293::aid-cncr2820220206>3.0.co;2-r. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Grillo T. A., Cunningham J. G. Serum insulin in totally pancreatectomized pregnant dogs. J Endocrinol. 1967 Oct;39(2):307–308. doi: 10.1677/joe.0.0390307. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Grimelius L. The argyrophil reaction in islet cells of adult human pancreas studies with a new silver nitrate procedure. Acta Soc Med Ups. 1968;73(5-6):271–294. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. HAZARD J. B., HAWK W. A., CRILE G., Jr Medullary (solid) carcinoma of the thyroid; a clinicopathologic entity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1959 Jan;19(1):152–161. doi: 10.1210/jcem-19-1-152. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Haymovits A., Rosen J. F. Calcitonin: its nature and role in man. Pediatrics. 1970 Jan;45(1):133–149. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Haymovits A., Rosen J. F. Human thyrocalcitonin. Endocrinology. 1967 Nov;81(5):993–1000. doi: 10.1210/endo-81-5-993. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Hennessy J. F., Gray T. K., Cooper C. W., Ontjes D. A. Stimulation of thyrocalcitonin secretion by pentagastrin and calcium in 2 patients with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1973 Jan;36(1):200–203. doi: 10.1210/jcem-36-1-200. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Hennessy J. F., Wells S. A., Jr, Ontjes D. A., Cooper C. W. A comparison of pentagastrin injection and calcium infusion as provocative agents for the detection of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1974 Sep;39(3):487–495. doi: 10.1210/jcem-39-3-487. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Ibanez M. L., Cole V. W., Russell W. O., Clark R. L. Solid carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Analysis of 53 cases. Cancer. 1967 May;20(5):706–723. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(1967)20:5<706::aid-cncr2820200523>3.0.co;2-m. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Ibanez M. L. Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Pathol Annu. 1974;9(0):263–290. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Jackson C. E., Tashjian A. H., Jr, Block M. A. Detection of medullary thyroid cancer by calcitonin assay in families. Ann Intern Med. 1973 Jun;78(6):845–852. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-78-6-845. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Karim S. M., Filshie G. M. Therapeutic abortion using prostaglandin F2alpha. Lancet. 1970 Jan 24;1(7639):157–159. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(70)90402-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Keiser H. R., Beaven M. A., Doppman J., Wells S., Jr, Buja L. M. Sipple's syndrome: medullary thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, and parathyroid disease. Studies in a large family. NIH conference. Ann Intern Med. 1973 Apr;78(4):561–579. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-78-4-561. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Khairi M. R., Dexter R. N., Burzynski N. J., Johnston C. C., Jr Mucosal neuroma, pheochromocytoma and medullary thyroid carcinoma: multiple endocrine neoplasia type 3. Medicine (Baltimore) 1975 Mar;54(2):89–112. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Lawrence A. M. Glucagon provocative test for pheochromocytoma. Ann Intern Med. 1967 Jun;66(6):1091–1096. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-66-6-1091. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Leav I., Schiller A. L., Rijnberk A., Legg M. A., der Kinderen P. J. Adenomas and carcinomas of the canine and feline thyroid. Am J Pathol. 1976 Apr;83(1):61–122. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Lindsay S., Nichols C. W. Medullary thyroid carcinoma and parathyroid hyperplasia in rats. Arch Pathol. 1969 Oct;88(4):402–406. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Ljungberg O. Argentaffin cells in human thyroid and parathyroid and their relationship to c-cells and medullary carcinoma. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand A. 1972;80(5):589–599. doi: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1972.tb00320.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Ljungberg O., Cederquist E., von Studnitz W. Medullary thyroid carcinoma and phaeochromocytoma: a familial chromaffinomatosis. Br Med J. 1967 Feb 4;1(5535):279–281. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.5535.279. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Ljungberg O., Dymling J. F. Pathogenesis of C-cell neoplasia in thyroid gland. C-cell proliferation in a case of chronic hypercalcaemia. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand A. 1972;80(5):577–588. doi: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1972.tb00319.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Ljungberg O. On medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand Suppl. 1972;231:1–57. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Ljungberg O. Two cell types in familial medullary thyroid carcinoma. A histochemical study. Virchows Arch A Pathol Pathol Anat. 1970;349(4):312–322. doi: 10.1007/BF00543183. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Marks A. D., Channick B. J. Extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma and medullary thyroid carcinoma with pheochromocytoma. Arch Intern Med. 1974 Dec;134(6):1106–1109. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Mason T. E., Phifer R. F., Spicer S. S., Swallow R. A., Dreskin R. B. An immunoglobulin-enzyme bridge method for localizing tissue antigens. J Histochem Cytochem. 1969 Sep;17(9):563–569. doi: 10.1177/17.9.563. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Matsuzawa T., Kurosumi K. Morphological changes in the parafollicular cells of the rat thyroid glands after administration of calcium shown by electron microscopy. Nature. 1967 Mar 4;213(5079):927–928. doi: 10.1038/213927a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. McDermott F. T., Hart J. A. Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid with hypocalcaemia. Clinical and ultrastructural observations. Br J Surg. 1970 Sep;57(9):657–661. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800570906. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Melvin K. E., Miller H. H., Tashjian A. H., Jr Early diagnosis of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland by means of calcitonin assay. N Engl J Med. 1971 Nov;285(20):1115–1120. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197111112852004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Melvin K. E., Tashjian A. H., Jr, Cassidy C. E., Givens J. R. Cushing's syndrome caused by ACTH- and calcitonin-secreting medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Metabolism. 1970 Oct;19(10):831–838. doi: 10.1016/0026-0495(70)90080-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Melvin K. E., Tashjian A. H., Jr, Miller H. H. Studies in familial (medullary) thyroid carcinoma. Recent Prog Horm Res. 1972;28:399–470. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Melvin K. E., Tashjian A. H., Jr The syndrome of excessive thyrocalcitonin produced by medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1968 Apr;59(4):1216–1222. doi: 10.1073/pnas.59.4.1216. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Meyer J. S., Abdel-Bari W. Granules and thyrocalcitonin-like activity in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. N Engl J Med. 1968 Mar 7;278(10):523–529. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196803072781002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Meyer J. S. Fine structure of two amyloid-forming medullary carcinomas of thyroid. Cancer. 1968 Mar;21(3):406–425. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(196803)21:3<406::aid-cncr2820210310>3.0.co;2-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Miller H. H., Melvin K. E., Gibson J. M., Tashjian A. H., Jr Surgical approach to early familial medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Am J Surg. 1972 Apr;123(4):438–443. doi: 10.1016/0002-9610(72)90197-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Normann T., Otnes B. Intestinal ganglioneuromatosis, diarrhoea and medullary thyroid carcinoma. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1969;4(7):553–559. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Pearse A. G. Common cytochemical and ultrastructural characteristics of cells producing polypeptide hormones (the APUD series) and their relevance to thyroid and ultimobranchial C cells and calcitonin. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1968 May 14;170(1018):71–80. doi: 10.1098/rspb.1968.0025. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Pearse A. G., Polak J. M. Cytochemical evidence for the neural crest origin of mammalian ultimobranchial C cells. Histochemie. 1971;27(2):96–102. doi: 10.1007/BF00284951. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Pearse A. G. The APUD cell concept and its implications in pathology. Pathol Annu. 1974;9(0):27–41. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Pearse A. G. The cytochemistry and ultrastructure of polypeptide hormone-producing cells of the APUD series and the embryologic, physiologic and pathologic implications of the concept. J Histochem Cytochem. 1969 May;17(5):303–313. doi: 10.1177/17.5.303. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Pearse A. G. The cytochemistry of the thyroid C cells and their relationship to calcitonin. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1966 Apr 19;164(996):478–487. doi: 10.1098/rspb.1966.0044. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Polliack A., Freund U. Mixed papillary and follicular carcinoma of the thyroid gland with stromal amyloid. Am J Clin Pathol. 1970 May;53(5):592–595. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/53.5.592. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Roediger W. E. A comparative study of the normal human neonatal and the canine thyroid C cell. J Anat. 1973 Jul;115(Pt 2):255–276. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Roediger W. E. The oxyphil and C cells of the human thyroid gland. A cytochemical and histopathologic review. Cancer. 1975 Nov;36(5):1758–1770. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(197511)36:5<1758::aid-cncr2820360531>3.0.co;2-j. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. SANDRITTER W., KLEIN K. H. Uber argyrophile Zellen in der Schilddrüse. Frankf Z Pathol. 1954;65(2):204–218. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Samaan N. A., Hill C. S., Jr, Beceiro J. R., Schultz P. N. Immunoreactive calcitonin in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid and in maternal and cord serum. J Lab Clin Med. 1973 May;81(5):671–681. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Schimke R. N., Hartmann W. H. Familial amyloid-producing medullary thyroid carcinoma and pheochromocytoma. A distinct genetic entity. Ann Intern Med. 1965 Dec;63(6):1027–1039. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-63-6-1027. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Schimke R. N., Hartmann W. H., Prout T. E., Rimoin D. L. Syndrome of bilateral pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma and multiple neuromas. A possible regulatory defect in the differentiation of chromaffin tissue. N Engl J Med. 1968 Jul 4;279(1):1–7. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196807042790101. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Schimke R. N. Multiple endocrine adenomatosis syndromes. Adv Intern Med. 1976;21:249–265. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Sizemore G. W., Go V. L., Kaplan E. L., Sanzenbacher L. J., Holtermuller K. H., Arnaud C. D. Relations of calcitonin and gastrin in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. N Engl J Med. 1973 Mar 29;288(13):641–644. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197303292881301. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Smith L. H. The APUD cell concept. J Surg Oncol. 1976;8(2):137–142. doi: 10.1002/jso.2930080208. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Solcia E., Capella C., Vassallo G. Lead-haematoxylin as a stain for endocrine cells. Significance of staining and comparison with other selective methods. Histochemie. 1969;20(2):116–126. doi: 10.1007/BF00268705. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Steiner A. L., Goodman A. D., Powers S. R. Study of a kindred with pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma, hyperparathyroidism and Cushing's disease: multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2. Medicine (Baltimore) 1968 Sep;47(5):371–409. doi: 10.1097/00005792-196809000-00001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Sternberger L. A., Hardy P. H., Jr, Cuculis J. J., Meyer H. G. The unlabeled antibody enzyme method of immunohistochemistry: preparation and properties of soluble antigen-antibody complex (horseradish peroxidase-antihorseradish peroxidase) and its use in identification of spirochetes. J Histochem Cytochem. 1970 May;18(5):315–333. doi: 10.1177/18.5.315. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Szijj I., Csapó Z., László F. A., Kovács K. Medullary cancer of the thyroid gland associated with hypercorticism. Cancer. 1969 Jul;24(1):167–173. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(196907)24:1<167::aid-cncr2820240121>3.0.co;2-s. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Söderström N., Telenius-Berg M., Akerman M. Diagnosis of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid by fine needle aspiration biopsy. Acta Med Scand. 1975 Jan-Feb;197(1-2):71–76. doi: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1975.tb04880.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Tashijan A. H., Jr, Howland B. G., Melvin K. E., Hill C. S., Jr Immunoassay of human calcitonin. N Engl J Med. 1970 Oct 22;283(17):890–895. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197010222831702. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Tashjian A. H., Jr, Melvin E. W. Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Studies of thyrocalcitonin in plasma and tumor extracts. N Engl J Med. 1968 Aug 8;279(6):279–283. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196808082790602. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Tashjian A. H., Jr, Wolfe H. J., Voelkel E. F. Human calcitonin. Immunologic assay, cytologic localization and studies on medullary thyroid carcinoma. Am J Med. 1974 Jun;56(6):840–849. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(74)90813-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Teitlebaum S. L., Moore K. E., Shieber W. Parafollicular cells in the normal human thyroid. Nature. 1971 Apr 2;230(5292):334–335. doi: 10.1038/230334a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. WERMER P. ENDOCRINE ADENOMATOSIS AND PEPTIC ULCER IN A LARGE KINDRED. INHERITED MULTIPLE TUMORS AND MOSAIC PLEIOTROPISM IN MAN. Am J Med. 1963 Aug;35:205–212. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(63)90212-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. WILLIAMS E. D. A REVIEW OF 17 CASES OF CARCINOMA OF THE THYROID AND PHAEOCHROMOCYTOMA. J Clin Pathol. 1965 May;18:288–292. doi: 10.1136/jcp.18.3.288. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Wells S. A., Jr, Cooper C. W., Ontjes D. A. Stimulation of thyrocalcitonin secretion by ethanol in patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma--an effect apparently not mediated by gastrin. Metabolism. 1975 Nov;24(11):1215–1219. doi: 10.1016/0026-0495(75)90060-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Wells S. A., Jr, Gunnells J. C., Shelburne J. D., Schneider A. B., Sherwood L. M. Transplantation of the parathyroid glands in man: clinical indications and results. Surgery. 1975 Jul;78(1):34–44. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Wells S. A., Jr, Ontjes D. A., Cooper C. W., Hennessy J. F., Ellis G. J., McPherson H. T., Sabiston D. C., Jr The early diagnosis of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type II. Ann Surg. 1975 Oct;182(4):362–370. doi: 10.1097/00000658-197510000-00002. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Wells S. A., Jr, Ontjes D. A. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type II. Annu Rev Med. 1976;27:263–268. doi: 10.1146/annurev.me.27.020176.001403. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Whittle T. S., Jr, Goodwin M. N., Jr Intestinal ganglioneuromatosis with the mucosal neuroma --medullary thyroid carcinoma-- pheochromocytoma syndrome. A case report and review of the literature. Am J Gastroenterol. 1976 Mar;65(3):249–257. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Williams E. D., Brown C. L., Doniach I. Pathological and clinical findings in a series of 67 cases of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. J Clin Pathol. 1966 Mar;19(2):103–113. doi: 10.1136/jcp.19.2.103. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Williams E. D. Diarrhoea and thyroid carcinoma. Proc R Soc Med. 1966 Jul;59(7):602–603. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Williams E. D. Histogenesis of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. J Clin Pathol. 1966 Mar;19(2):114–118. doi: 10.1136/jcp.19.2.114. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Williams E. D., Karim S. M., Sandler M. Prostaglandin secretion by medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. A possible cause of the associated idarrhoea. Lancet. 1968 Jan 6;1(7532):22–23. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(68)90010-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Williams E. D., Morales A. M., Horn R. C. Thyroid carcinoma and Cushing's syndrome. A report of two cases with a review of the common features of the "non-endocrine" tumours associated with Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Pathol. 1968 Mar;21(2):129–135. doi: 10.1136/jcp.21.2.129. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Williams E. D., Pollock D. J. Multiple mucosal neuromata with endocrine tumours: a syndrome allied to von Recklinghausen's disease. J Pathol Bacteriol. 1966 Jan;91(1):71–80. doi: 10.1002/path.1700910109. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Wolfe H. J., DeLellis R. A., Voelkel E. F., Tashjian A. H., Jr Distribution of calcitonin-containing cells in the normal neonatal human thyroid gland: a correlation of morphology with peptide content. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1975 Dec;41(06):1076–1081. doi: 10.1210/jcem-41-6-1076. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Wolfe H. J., Melvin K. E., Cervi-Skinner S. J., Saadi A. A., Juliar J. F., Jackson C. E., Tashjian A. H., Jr C-cell hyperplasia preceding medullary thyroid carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 1973 Aug 30;289(9):437–441. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197308302890901. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Wolfe H. J., Voelkel E. F., Tashjian A. H., Jr Distribution of calcitonin-containing cells in the normal adult human thyroid gland: a correlation of morphology with peptide content. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1974 Apr;38(4):688–694. doi: 10.1210/jcem-38-4-688. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Woolner L. B. Thyroid carcinoma: pathologic classification with data on prognosis. Semin Nucl Med. 1971 Oct;1(4):481–502. doi: 10.1016/s0001-2998(71)81042-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from The American Journal of Pathology are provided here courtesy of American Society for Investigative Pathology

RESOURCES