Table 2.
Non-alcoholic Beverage and Chocolate Consumption and Risk Ratio (RR) of Death: the Leisure World Cohort Study, 1981–2004
| Number of subjects | Number of deaths | Model 1: RR (95% CI) | Model 2: RR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Regular coffee (cups/day) | ||||
| None | 5502 | 4733 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| < 1 | 1476 | 1207 | 0.90 (0.84–0.96) | 0.90 (0.85–0.96) |
| 1 | 2473 | 2087 | 0.95 (0.90–1.00) | 0.96 (0.91–1.01) |
| 2–3 | 3301 | 2674 | 0.90 (0.86–0.94) | 0.89 (0.85–0.94) |
| 4+ | 872 | 685 | 1.01 (0.93–1.09) | 0.94 (0.87–1.02) |
| Decaffeinated coffee (cups/day) | ||||
| None | 5238 | 4382 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| < 1 | 1697 | 1387 | 0.91 (0.85–0.96) | 0.94 (0.89–1.00) |
| 1 | 3040 | 2583 | 0.94 (0.89–0.99) | 0.95 (0.91–1.00) |
| 2–3 | 3000 | 2505 | 0.97 (0.92–1.02) | 0.97 (0.93–1.02) |
| 4+ | 649 | 529 | 0.93 (0.85–1.02) | 0.90 (0.82–0.99) |
| Black or green tea (cups/day) | ||||
| None | 6777 | 5720 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| < 1 | 3023 | 2473 | 0.94 (0.90–0.99) | 0.97 (0.93–1.02) |
| 1 | 2273 | 1906 | 0.94 (0.89–0.99) | 0.96 (0.91–1.01) |
| 2+ | 1551 | 1287 | 0.98 (0.92–1.04) | 0.98 (0.92–1.04) |
| Cola with sugar (cans/week) | ||||
| None | 11552 | 9712 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| ≤ 1 | 1599 | 1289 | 0.92 (0.86–0.97) | 0.95 (0.89–1.01) |
| > 1 | 473 | 385 | 1.00 (0.90–1.11) | 1.02 (0.92–1.13) |
| Cola artificially sweetened (cans/week) | ||||
| None | 10968 | 9343 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| ≤ 1 | 2067 | 1595 | 1.01 (0.95–1.06) | 0.98 (0.93–1.03) |
| > 1 | 589 | 448 | 1.24 (1.12–1.36) | 1.18 (1.07–1.30) |
| Other soft drinks with sugar (cans/week) | ||||
| None | 11122 | 9302 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| ≤ 1 | 2129 | 1780 | 0.97 (0.92–1.03) | 1.00 (0.95–1.05) |
| > 1 | 373 | 304 | 1.00 (0.89–1.12) | 1.03 (0.92–1.16) |
| Other soft drinks artificially sweetened (cans/week) | ||||
| None | 10583 | 9014 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| ≤ 1 | 2478 | 1942 | 0.98 (0.93–1.03) | 0.96 (0.92–1.02) |
| > 1 | 563 | 430 | 1.11 (1.01–1.23) | 1.07 (0.97–1.19) |
| Chocolate | ||||
| None | 4034 | 3473 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Few times/year to few times/month | 7338 | 6033 | 0.91 (0.87–0.95) | 0.94 (0.90–0.98) |
| Few times/week to daily | 2252 | 1880 | 0.97 (0.92–1.03) | 0.98 (0.93–1.04) |
| Caffeine (mg/day) | ||||
| < 50 | 3756 | 3237 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| 50–99 | 1943 | 1649 | 0.98 (0.92–1.04) | 0.99 (0.93–1.05) |
| 100–199 | 3328 | 2782 | 0.94 (0.89–0.99) | 0.94 (0.89–0.99) |
| 200–399 | 3390 | 2760 | 0.91 (0.86–0.96) | 0.90 (0.85–0.94) |
| 400+ | 1207 | 958 | 1.00 (0.93–1.08) | 0.96 (0.89–1.03) |
| Milk (glasses/day) | ||||
| None | 3320 | 2773 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| < 1 | 3445 | 2818 | 0.92 (0.87–0.97) | 0.95 (0.90–1.00) |
| 1 | 4342 | 3649 | 0.97 (0.92–1.02) | 1.01 (0.96–1.06) |
| 2+ | 2517 | 2146 | 1.03 (0.97–1.09) | 1.04 (0.98–1.10) |
Model 1: adjusted for age and sex.
Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, smoking, exercise, body mass index, alcohol intake and histories of hypertension, angina, heart attack, stroke, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer.