Table 3.
Caffeine and Artificially-sweetened Soft Drink Consumption and Risk Ratio (RR) of Death: the Leisure World Cohort Study, 1981–2004
| Number of subjects | Number of deaths | Model 1: RR (95% CI) | Model 2: RR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Excluding first five years of follow-up | ||||
| Caffeine (mg/day) | ||||
| < 50 | 3195 | 2676 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| 50–99 | 1649 | 1355 | 0.96 (0.90–1.03) | 0.97 (0.90–1.03) |
| 100–199 | 2852 | 2306 | 0.92 (0.87–0.98) | 0.92 (0.87–0.97) |
| 200–399 | 2996 | 2366 | 0.92 (0.87–0.97) | 0.90 (0.85–0.95) |
| 400+ | 1068 | 819 | 1.00 (0.92–1.08) | 0.95 (0.88–1.03) |
| Artificially sweetened soft drinks (cans/weeks) | ||||
| None | 8417 | 6999 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| ≤ 1 | 2130 | 1618 | 0.98 (0.93–1.04) | 0.96 (0.91–1.01) |
| > 1 | 1213 | 905 | 1.16 (1.08–1.24) | 1.11 (1.03–1.19) |
| Excluding those reporting major chronic disease at baseline | ||||
| Caffeine (mg/day) | ||||
| < 50 | 1459 | 1165 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| 50–99 | 767 | 611 | 1.00 (0.90–1.10) | 1.01 (0.92–1.12) |
| 100–199 | 1298 | 1000 | 0.92 (0.84–1.00) | 0.92 (0.85–1.00) |
| 200–399 | 1480 | 1097 | 0.91 (0.84–0.99) | 0.88 (0.81–0.96) |
| 400+ | 607 | 441 | 1.08 (0.97–1.21) | 0.99 (0.89–1.11) |
| Artificially sweetened soft drinks (cans/weeks) | ||||
| None | 4180 | 3304 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| ≤ 1 | 937 | 663 | 0.99 (0.91–1.07) | 0.97 (0.89–1.06) |
| > 1 | 494 | 347 | 1.12 (1.00–1.25) | 1.12 (1.00–1.25) |
Model 1: adjusted for age and sex.
Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, smoking, exercise, body mass index, alcohol intake and, in analyses excluding first five years of follow-up, histories of hypertension, angina, heart attack, stroke, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer.