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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2008 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Biomaterials. 2007 Apr 5;28(21):3228–3235. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.04.003

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4

GFOGER peptide improves peri-implant bone formation and osseointegration in an in vivo rat tibia cortical bone implantation model. (A) Schematic diagram of tapered titanium implant. (B) Low magnification micrograph of implantation site showing implant placement. Longitudinal ground sections of rat tibiae stained with Sanderson's Rapid Bone Stain™ and van Gieson counterstain. Cells stain dark to light blue, soft tissue elements stain blue-green, and bone matrix stains yellow orange to autumn orange. (C) Representative micrographs of bone formation around titanium implants. GFOGER-coated implants exhibit greater amounts of newly formed bone at the implant surface compared to collagen-coated or untreated Ti. (D) Implant osseointegration as determined by bone-implant contact and mechanical fixation. Bone apposition is measured as the percentage of implant's circumference that is in direct contact with bone mineral in the histological sections. ANOVA: p<4E-6, *GFOGER > Ti (p<0.002), †GFOGER > COL (p<0.01), #COL > Ti (p<0.04). GFOGER surfaces demonstrate greater mechanical integration with the surrounding tissue compared to collagen-coated or untreated Ti. Osseointegration is measured as the maximum force [N] necessary to dislodge the implant in a pull-out test. ANOVA: p<9E-7, *GFOGER > Ti (p<0.0009), †GFOGER > COL (p<0.01).